Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

cDNA microarrays and two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis in combination with mass spectrometry, were used to screen alterations in mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in cerebral cortex of MK-801-treated rats. The rats were divided in two groups; group 1 (short-term treated) and group 2 (long-term treated). In group 1, four genes were up-regulated and five down-regulated. In group 2, seven genes were up-regulated and six down-regulated. In group 1, the levels of one protein was increased and eight proteins reduced. In group 2, the levels of two proteins were increased and four proteins reduced. Several of the altered genes (casein kinase 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase, synaptotagmin, gamma aminobutyric acid [GABA] transporter, creatine kinase, and cytochrome c oxidase) and proteins (superoxide dismutase, hsp 60, hsp 72 and gamma-enolase) have previously been connected to schizophrenia. Alterations of the genes (microglobulin, c-jun proto-oncogene, 40S ribosomal protein S19, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation factors, platelet-derived growth factor, fructose-bisphophate aldolase A, and myelin proteolipid) and the proteins (stathmin, H+-transp. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, beta-actin and alpha-enolase), have not, to our knowledge, earlier been implicated in schizophrenia pathology. Overall, these results with a combined approach of genomics and proteomics add to the validity of subchronic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist treatment as an animal model of schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Comparative genome- and proteome analysis of cerebral cortex from MK-801-treated rats. 1254 8

A 41-year-old man experienced continuous convulsions, unconsciousness, and a high temperature. His laboratory findings revealed an increase in serum creatine phosphokinase, serum myoglobulin, and urinary myoglobulin levels. He had taken many psychotropic drugs as treatment for schizophrenia and was very dehydrated. Because a diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was suspected, Tc-99m HMDP bone scintigraphy was performed. It showed diffusely increased soft tissue uptake in his shoulder girdles, vertebral area, psoas iliac muscles, and gluteofemoral muscles, leading to a diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. Bone scintigraphy is useful in making an early diagnosis and evaluating the location and degree of muscle injury in rhabdomyolysis.
 ...
PMID:Rhabdomyolysis induced by psychotropic drugs. 1602 59

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but potentially lethal, rare reaction to neuroleptics which is characterized by altered levels of consciousness, extrapyramidal effects, autonomic instability, hyperthermia, and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase levels. The most serious complication of neuroleptic malignant syndrome is acute renal failure. We investigated six cases of neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with myoglobulinemic acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis and effect of hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration. The patients were five males and one female with a mean age of 43.5 yr. All of the patients, who developed acute renal failure induced from rhabdomyolysis, had previously received butyrophenone (haloperidol), phenothiazine, benzamide, iminomide, benzisoxazole, antidepressants, and hypnotics (benzodiazepine and barbiturate) for the treatment of schizophrenia. The clinical manifestations of neuroleptic malignant syndrome were characterized by altered consciousness, muscle rigidity and weakness, fever, and excessive perspiration. The peak laboratory data were blood urea nitrogen 102 +/- 26 (mean +/- SD) mg/dL, serum creatinine 9.1 +/- 2.1 mg/dL, serum creatine phosphokinase 229,720 +/- 289,940 IU/L, and all of them developed oliguric acute renal failure. Dantrolene sodium administration was given to five cases and hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration was performed in all of them. The serum creatinine level after hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration was 1.4 +/- 1.0 mg/dL. All patients were successfully cured of acute renal failure by hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration. As a result, myoglobulinemic acute renal failure associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome was successfully treated by hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration.
 ...
PMID:Successful treatment of six patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with myoglobulinemic acute renal failure. 1652 19

Abnormalities of the anterior cingulate cortex have previously been described in schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. In this study 2-DE was performed followed by mass spectrometric sequencing to identify disease-specific protein changes within the anterior cingulate cortex in these psychiatric disorders. The 2-DE system comprised IPGs 4-7 and 6-9 in the first, IEF dimension and SDS-PAGE in the second dimension. Resultant protein spots were compared between control and disease groups. Statistical analysis indicated that 35 spots were differentially expressed in one or more groups. Proteins comprising 26 of these spots were identified by mass spectroscopy. These represented 19 distinct proteins; aconitate hydratase, malate dehydrogenase, fructose bisphosphate aldolase A, ATP synthase, succinyl CoA ketoacid transferase, carbonic anhydrase, alpha- and beta-tubulin, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein-1 and -2, neuronal protein 25, trypsin precursor, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, sorcin, vacuolar ATPase, creatine kinase, albumin and guanine nucleotide binding protein beta subunit. All but three of these proteins have previously been associated with the major psychiatric disorders. These findings provide support for the view that cytoskeletal and mitochondrial dysfunction are important components of the neuropathology of the major psychiatric disorders.
 ...
PMID:Proteomic analysis of the anterior cingulate cortex in the major psychiatric disorders: Evidence for disease-associated changes. 1663 10

Risperidone, olanzapine, and clozapine are three atypical antipsychotic medications commonly used in the management of chronic schizophrenia. While they offer advantages with regard to clinical efficacy and side-effect profile, few studies have compared them in a naturalistic prospective observational manner. This study therefore investigated their comparative efficacy over 12 weeks including illness characteristics and adverse effects. One hundred thirty-one patients (76 M, 55 F) with DSMI-V schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were treated with risperidone (n = 38), olanzapine (n = 38), or clozapine (n = 55). All patients showed a significant decrease of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)-positive scores. Decreases in tardive dyskinesia and impulsivity scores were noted with clozapine and olanzapine, respectively. No differences between the medications were noted on depression, anxiety, EPS, or overt aggression scores. Olanzapine and clozapine appeared to be more effective in females. Males showed a decreased sexual performance irrespective of the medication and those treated with risperidone and clozapine showed greater proportional reduction of overt aggression. Clozapine-treated patients showed significant increased weight, increased glucose levels, and lowered sexual performance. Risperidone patients tended to exhibit reduced cholesterol levels. Higher creatine kinase (CK) levels were noted in risperidone-treated patients. While cautious given the nature of the study design, results suggest differences in the response to various atypical antipsychotic medications regarding efficacy and side-effect susceptibility.
 ...
PMID:Comparison between risperidone, olanzapine, and clozapine in the management of chronic schizophrenia: a naturalistic prospective 12-week observational study. 1678 15

A 22-year-old woman went through a period with a labile mood that first turned into psychotic hyperactivity and was then followed by hyperthermia and exhaustion. This was accompanied by diminished consciousness, sinus arrhythmia and respiratory insufficiency. With a working diagnosis of 'lethal catatonia' she was treated by electroshock and later also with the antipsychotic agent quetiapine. After a few electroshock treatments her vital functions improved and ultimately, the patient recovered. Lethal catatonia is characterised by acute excitation, catalepsy, autonomic instability and fever, which can lead to death. The syndrome often starts with mood instability, which turns into hyperactivity accompanied by hyperthermia and exhaustion. The creatine kinase, blood-sedimentation rate and leukocyte count are often raised. Lethal catatonia must be distinguished from the neuroleptic malignant syndrome, serotonin syndrome and encephalitis. The pathophysiology is unclear, but most reports suggest a hypodopaminergic state. The syndrome is associated with affective disorders and schizophrenia. Early recognition is made difficult by the low frequency of appearance, diversity in nomenclature, and strong resemblance to other syndromes.
 ...
PMID:[A young woman with a labile mood, hyperactivity, hyperthermia and exhaustion: symptoms of lethal catatonia]. 1708 56

A 28-year-old man with schizophrenia intentionally ingested a lethal dose of acetaminophen and an unknown quantity of ibuprofen. He arrived at the hospital with acute renal and fulminant liver failure complicated by rhabdomyolysis. His creatine kinase level was 20,306 U/L on admission, which increased to 245,595 U/L by hospital day 2, and subsequently decreased to 339 U/L by day 16. The patient underwent liver transplantation on day 3; necrotic bowel was found during surgery. Rhabdomyolysis associated with acetaminophen overdose has been described only in a few case reports, but rarely in association with acetaminophen taken alone. The literature does not provide a clear association between acetaminophen and rhabdomyolysis because of other possible traumatic and nontraumatic causes. In this case, the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a probable adverse reaction of rhabdomyolysis associated with acetaminophen overdose. In addition, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs) are well known to be ulcerogenic in the upper gastrointestinal tract, but potential effects on the lower tract are less well known. Only a few NSAID-induced cases of ischemic colitis have been reported. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed, such as direct mucosal damage and inhibition of intestinal prostaglandin production. In this patient, the Naranjo scale indicated a probable adverse reaction of ischemic colitis associated with ibuprofen overdose. Patients who have taken an acetaminophen overdose should be assessed for rhabdomyolysis as a possible complication. In addition, an evaluation of ibuprofen-induced bowel necrosis in these patients may be warranted.
 ...
PMID:Rhabdomyolysis and necrotic bowel after acetaminophen and ibuprofen overdose. 1738 89

We have used a systemic approach to establish a relationship between enzyme measures of glial glutamate and energy metabolism (glutamine synthetase and glutamine synthetase-like protein, glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, brain isoform creatine phosphokinase) and two major glial proteins (glial fibrillary acidic protein and myelin basic protein) in autopsied brain samples taken from patients with schizophrenia (SCH) and mentally healthy subjects (23 and 22 cases, respectively). These biochemical parameters were measured in tissue extracts in three brain areas (prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum). Significant differences in the level of at least one of the glutamate metabolizing enzymes were observed between two studied groups in all studied brain areas. Different patterns of correlative links between the biochemical parameters were found in healthy and schizophrenic brains. These findings give a new perspective to our understanding of the impaired regulation of enzyme levels in the brain in SCH.
 ...
PMID:Systemic neurochemical alterations in schizophrenic brain: glutamate metabolism in focus. 1744 Aug 11

Relative amounts of the glutamate metabolizing enzymes - glutamine synthetase, glutamine synthetase-like protein, three isoenzymes of glutamate dehydrogenase as well as creatine phosphokinase (a main astroglial energy metabolism enzyme) and major proteins of astro- and oligodendroglia - a glial fibrillary acidic protein and a myelin basic protein were determined in postmortem brain extracts from three areas - the prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus and cerebellum - from mentally healthy subjects (n=21) and patients with chronic schizophrenia (n=23). To single out "metabolic types" the data obtained have been subjected to cluster analysis. It has been demonstrated for the first time that the cluster analysis of the biological parameters (enzymes and proteins) with correction for age, gender, postmortem interval and presence/absence of diagnosis, enables to distinguish "mentally healthy" cases and "schizophrenic patients" with a high degree of significance (mean mixing error <20%, small er, Cyrillic>>0,00004). Thus, we suppose that mentally healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia are objectively divided into different "metabolic types".
 ...
PMID:[The complex neurochemical assessment of brain proteins in mentally healthy subjects and schizophrenic patients]. 1842 2

Neuroleptic-induced catatonia (NIC), manifested in an extrapyramidal-catatonic syndrome, has been sporadically reported in the literature. Confusion surrounds its relationship to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and extrapyramidal reactions to neuroleptics. This study examined (a) its clinical presentation and response to benzodiazepines, (b) the hypothesis that NIC and NMS are on the same spectrum with a continuum of symptom progression, and (c) its possible relationship to extrapyramidal reactions. Of 127 episodes of acute catatonia prospectively identified, 18 were diagnosed with NIC. All catatonia episodes received benzodiazepines. The NIC episodes were analyzed noting their clinical presentations, laboratory findings, and responses to treatments. Their responses to benzodiazepines were compared, with retrospective rating on a 7-point scale, to that for catatonia episodes associated with mania and schizophrenia. The progression of symptoms in each NIC episode was reviewed. The NIC episodes presented predominantly in the stuporous form associated with parkinsonism. Delirium, autonomic abnormality, and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase were all common. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome was diagnosed in 3 episodes (17%). The 3 catatonia groups did not differ significantly in their benzodiazepines responses: 78% (14/18) of NIC, 75% (12/16) of manic catatonia, and 67% (34/51) of schizophrenic catatonia episodes showed full responses. A spectrum of presentation across episodes was noted with simple NIC without delirium, autonomic disturbances, or fever at one end and NMS or malignant NIC at the other end. Symptoms in individual episodes showed a similar continuum progression. No extrapyramidal reactions immediately preceded the NIC episodes. Findings of this study support the hypothesis that NIC and NMS are disorders on the same spectrum and reveal no indication that extrapyramidal reactions progress to NIC.
 ...
PMID:Neuroleptic-induced catatonia: clinical presentation, response to benzodiazepines, and relationship to neuroleptic malignant syndrome. 2007 41


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 Next >>