Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been postulated that altered interleukin (IL) regulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We therefore investigated the relationships between interleukins, neurotransmitters, and psychopathology in schizophrenia. IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in the plasma of neuroleptic-free male schizophrenics in comparison to age-matched healthy male controls (n=25 each). The patients' psychopathology was assessed by the Scale for the Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms (SAPS, SANS). The above variables were measured during acute states of illness and after eight weeks of treatment with haloperidol. The plasma levels of IL-2 and HVA were significantly higher in patients compared to controls. In schizophrenic patients, there were significant correlations between IL-2 and HVA, IL-2 and SAPS, and HVA and SAPS during the acute state of illness. The level of IL-6 was significantly correlated to SANS and duration of illness. In schizophrenic patients, the plasma levels of IL-2 and HVA were significantly lowered after treatment with haloperidol. Changes in IL-2 and HVA significantly correlated to those in HVA and SAPS, respectively. These results strongly suggest that the cytokines may modulate dopaminergic metabolism and schizophrenic symptomatology in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Relationships between interleukins, neurotransmitters and psychopathology in drug-free male schizophrenics. 1096 18

Recent findings have strengthened the hypothesis that immunological dysfunctions may contribute towards the multifactorial pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The validity of these findings is questioned by the fact that most studied subjects have received potentially immunomodulatory medication upon investigation. In order to rule out such confounding effects, 24 initially unmedicated acutely ill schizophrenic patients were studied immunologically and psychiatrically (PANSS) before and during 4 weeks of neuroleptic treatment. The production of IFN-gamma was decreased upon admission and after 2 weeks of treatment compared to matched healthy controls. No differences in IL-2 and IFN-gamma production between unmedicated and medicated states were observed. These results do not support the notion that neuroleptic medication in vivo might influence TH1 cytokine production in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Cytokine production in unmedicated and treated schizophrenic patients. 1105 7

A large body of evidence concerning immunological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients seems to suggest a role of the immune system in the multifactorial pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We investigated the production of various cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, interferon (INF)-gamma] in drug-free (n=26) and drug-naive (n=7) schizophrenic patients and in healthy controls (n=33). Production of IL-2 and INF-gamma was significantly higher (respectively P=0.021 and P=0.001) in patients than in controls. These findings provide further evidence that immunological abnormalities are present in some schizophrenic patients.
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PMID:Cytokine profiles in drug-naive schizophrenic patients. 1127 47

We evaluated immune-inflammatory markers in 32 first-episode schizophrenic patients during exacerbation of symptoms and during clinical improvement. Mean concentrations of sIL-2R and IFN-g was higher and mean concentration of sIL-6R was lower in cell cultures from blood of schizophrenic patients than in normal controls and there was no difference in IL-2 concentration. There was no correlation between concentrations of cytokines and demographic and clinical data. Our results may suggest that immune system disturbances could be observed in schizophrenia at the onset of the disease.
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PMID:[Immunological marker activity in first episode schizophrenic patients]. 1150 61

The present paper reviews the results of all publications on in vitro cytokine secretion in patients with schizophrenia, as published by March 2001. The authors supply easy to read tables with respect to the individual cytokines and soluble cytokine receptors investigated, the in vitro methodology used, characterization of the patient samples, and the results on cytokine secretion as stated in these studies. Inconsistent results, e.g., regarding in vitro secretion of IL-2 with 11/18 studies finding decreased secretion, 5/18 finding no change, and 2/18 finding increases, cannot systematically be correlated with any methodological procedures nor any diagnostic subtypes, per se. However, factors such as medication and cigarette smoking are likely to play a role. The authors suggest that more hypothesis-driven research, together with more carefully designed studies, as well as better communication between basic or animal researchers and clinicians might help to answer the question of whether there are meaningful peripheral changes in the immune system related to schizophrenia.
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PMID:In vitro cytokine secretion in individuals with schizophrenia: results, confounding factors, and implications for further research. 1178 1

There is some evidence that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is related to changes in the innate and adaptive immune systems. In an attempt to define a potential immunological dysfunction in schizophrenia, we measured the serum levels of several cytokines in the sera of 24 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and investigated the cytokine production in whole blood assays after stimulation in vitro with virus (Newcastle disease), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and compared them with healthy, normal controls. A significant increase of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8 and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) levels, but a decreased L-10 level were observed in the sera of patients with schizophrenia. No significant changes in the serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IFN-alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were detected in these patients. When cytokine production in vitro was examined, a significant defect in PHA-induced IL-2, L-4 and IFN-gamma, and in virus-induced IFN-alpha production, but no significant alterations in LPS-induced IL-6, IL- 10 and TNF-alpha production were observed. In summary, increased serum levels of some cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-gamma indicate an activation of the inflammatory response in schizophrenia, while the in vitro assay indicates significant changes in the Th1 (decreased production of 1L-2 and IFN-gamma) and Th2 (decreased production of IL-4) cell system responses. The role of the defective EFN-alpha production in the regulation of the imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cell system responses is suggested.
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PMID:Investigation of serum cytokine levels and cytokine production in whole blood cultures of paranoid schizophrenic patients. 1181 38

An increasing body of evidence suggests a role for the immune system in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The information concerning the effects of antipsychotics on cytokine profiles are limited and often controversial in particular regarding novel antipsychotics. The authors first investigated the production of various cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, interferon (INF)-gamma] in drug-free (n = 12) and drug-naive (n = 3) schizophrenic patients and in healthy controls (n = 33) and then the modifications of cytokines values during a 3-month period of treatment with risperidone. In the baseline condition, the production of IL-2 and INF-gamma was significantly higher (P = .023 and .026, respectively) in patients than in controls. In the same patients, the use of risperidone was associated with augmented IL-10 (a suppressor of Type I cytokines) and decreased INF-gamma production. This modification suggests that clinical improvement is associated with a reduction in the inflammatory-like situation present in not currently treated schizophrenic patients.
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PMID:Cytokine profiles in schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone: a 3-month follow-up study. 1185 16

A variety of cytokines are dysregulated in schizophrenia, and some antipsychotic drugs effect cytokines. In order to examine the effect of risperidone on plasma cytokines, we measured the serum level of IL-1b, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, and INF-g during acute states of illness, and after 4 weeks of treatment with risperidone in 19 schizophrenic patients. The patients' psychopathology was assessed by PANSS. Plasma IL-12 levels increased significantly after 4 weeks of treatment (p = .002). Plasma IL-b, IL-2, IL-6, and INF-g levels were not significantly different before and after treatment. There were no significant correlations between the changes in cytokine levels and the changes in PANSS scores. Increased IL-12 may contribute to activation of immune responses during treatment with risperidone. IL-12 may play an important role in immune responses related to neuropsychiatry.
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PMID:Effect of risperidone on serum cytokines. 1191 33

Interleukin (IL)-2 is a potent modulator of dopamine activity in the mesocorticolimbic and mesostriatal systems. It is also associated with behavioral changes (increased motor activity) and psychopathological outcomes (schizophrenia, Parkinson's Disease, cognitive deficits) that at least partly reflect aberrations in central dopaminergic transmission. Nonetheless, there is no evidence that a functional link exists between IL-2, dopaminergic processes, and related behavioral changes. We thus determined if IL-2 treatment increases the expression of climbing behavior, a behavior that is linked with dopamine D-1 and/or D-2 receptors and one used to test the efficacy of neuroleptics. IL-2 treatment (5-daily i.p. injections; 0.4 microg/BALB/c mouse) induced a marked 2-fold increase in climbing scores; a single injection had no effect. IL-2-induced increases in climbing behavior were completely blocked by a selective dopamine D-1 receptor antagonist (SCH 23390; 0.05 or 0.2 mg/kg; i.p.), or by a relatively high dose of a D-2 antagonist (sulpiride; 80 mg/kg; i.p.). In contrast, MK-801, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, had no effect. This is the first demonstration of a functional link between IL-2, dopaminergic receptors, and behavior. These findings could shed light on the mechanisms by which IL-2 increases vulnerability to psychiatric abnormalities associated with aberrations in central dopaminergic processes.
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PMID:Interleukin-2-induced increases in climbing behavior: inhibition by dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptor antagonists. 1210 75

There are a number of indications that schizophrenia is associated with changes in the immune system. Although functional studies have mostly demonstrated decreased in vitro production of IL-2 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with mitogen, the reason is unclear. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between IL-2 production and CD4+ cells which mainly secret IL-2 in non-Caucasian patients with schizophrenia. Blood CD4+ cells and mitogen-stimulated IL-2 secreting cells identified by an immunohistochemical study with the alkaline phosphatase/anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique, and in vitro IL-2 production with radioimmunometric assay (RIA) were measured in 30 schizophrenic patients and 30 normal control subjects matched for sex, age and race. The results showed that blood CD4+ cells and mitogen-induced IL-2 secreting cells and IL-2 production were significantly lower in schizophrenic subjects than in the normal controls. There was significantly positive correlation between CD4+ cells and IL-2 production in normal controls but not in patients. These findings suggest that immune disturbance may be present in schizophrenic patients. The lower in vitro IL-2 production is probably related to the decreased number of T-cells that secret IL-2, as well as to the intrinsic disorder of the patients' T cells.
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PMID:Decreased production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-2 secreting cells and CD4+ cells in medication-free patients with schizophrenia. 1212 1


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