Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The measurement of endorphins in body fluids has been an important advance in clinical research attempting to link the endogenous opioid system to psychiatric illness and symptomatology. The consideration of methodologic differences in assay technique and in clinical methods is important in evaluating results of studies. Whereas findings in early clinical studies supported the notion of increased endorphin system function in patients with schizophrenia, cumulative data from the considerable number of studies carried out throughout world centers have been unable to demonstrate a consistent abnormality in levels of endorphins in CSF or plasma of patients with schizophrenia. Among the affective disorders, data suggest the possibility of relative changes in levels of opioids within individual manic-depressive patients when studied across state change from depression to mania. In studies of depressive illness there is accumulating evidence that the endogenous opioid system may relate or contribute to abnormality of the HPA axis. In our work measuring opioids in CSF we have observed relationships between anxiety and CSF opioids in normals and psychiatric patients and changes in CSF opioid activity in patients with anorexia nervosa accompanying weight change. These data are consistent with other evidence linking endorphins to CNS noradrenergic systems and to biologic response to stress.
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PMID:The measurement of endorphins in body fluids. 635 91

Previous studies have variably reported the efficacy of apomorphine in treatment of schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia. Stimulation of dopamine neuron autoreceptors is the presumed mode of action. Low-dose apomorphine (0.75 mg subcutaneously) and placebo were administered to 25 male schizophrenics to evaluate the drug's effect on psychotic and tardive dyskinetic symptoms. No significant improvement or deterioration was seen. Concomitant measurements of plasma prolactin and growth hormone levels and CSF homovanillic acid level indicated that the dose used was centrally active. These results indicate that an active though nonsedating dose of apomorphine does not ameliorate symptoms of schizophrenia or tardive dyskinesia.
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PMID:Apomorphine and schizophrenia. Treatment, CSF, and neuroendocrine responses. 637 37

We studied the concentration of neurophysin I (hNPI) and II (hNPII), the hypothalamo-pituitary carriers of vasopressin and oxytocin, in CSF of depressed and schizophrenic patients and age matched controls. Mean hNPI values were lower and mean hNPII values greater in schizophrenics than in controls. Lower hNPI values were observed in unipolar patients than in controls. In bipolar patients however, higher hNPI values were present. Significantly higher hNPII values were observed in bipolar patients than in controls; no difference was present between unipolars and controls. A positive correlation was observed with age in controls and bipolars for hNPII. These data emphasize the interest of studying the neurohypophysal function in affective illness and in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid neurophysins in affective illness and in schizophrenia. 648 3

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and protein were measured in the CSF of patients with Alzheimer's disease, depression, schizophrenia with and without tardive dyskinesia, and control subjects. AChE activity was assayed by a radioenzymatic method involving the direct extraction of hydrolyzed 3H-acetate into a toluene-based scintillation fluid followed by liquid scintillation spectrometry. AChE activity was proportional to the amount of CSF protein. Greater than 90% of AChE activity in CSF could be inhibited by 10(-3) M eserine. In addition, activity remained stable despite repeated freeze-thawing in an acetone-dry ice bath. Age was found to be positively correlated with CSF protein and AChE activity expressed per volume CSF, but not with AChE measured per milligram protein. No differences between diagnostic groups were found on either measure of AChE when the extraneous factors of age and CSF protein concentrations were controlled, nor were any differences found between groups for CSF protein when age was controlled.
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PMID:Acetylcholinesterase activity in CSF in schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer's disease and normals. 666 67

Recently developed enzyme tests that are used in (a) identifying high risk populations, (b) diagnosing cancer, (c) following treatment response of cancer patients, and (d) the selection of cancer therapy are summarized. The diagnostic role of methionine adenosyltransferase and CSF monoamine oxidase activity measurements in the diagnosis of schizophrenia are discussed. The role of N-acetyltransferase in the conversion of serotonin to melatonin in the pineal gland and the importance of these changes for the synchronization of the functioning of cells throughout the organism are described. New developments in the determination of immunoreactive trypsin in the early diagnosis of pancreatic diseases are summarized.
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PMID:Present and future trends in selected areas of clinical enzymology. 677 51

In this placebo-paired, double-blind study, 13 of 45 schizophrenic patients showed an acute improvement in schizophrenic symptoms following d-amphetamine infusion (20 mg). The 18 patients who worsened tended to have higher CSF 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol levels than did those who improved. d-Amphetamine blood levels and clinical descriptors of schizophrenic subgroups did not differentiate patients who improved from those who worsened; however, patients who improved had been significantly more psychotic before the infusion. Patients who worsened had been more psychotic than those who did not change. The authors suggest that those who did not change. The authors suggest that sensitivity to dopamine stimulation in schizophrenia is state-dependent rather than trait-dependent and that the simple, undirectional hypothesis of schizophrenia needs to be reformulated.
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PMID:d-Amphetamine-induced heterogeneous changes in psychotic behavior in schizophrenia. 709 48

Evidence has been obtained by computed tomography (CT) that some chronic schizophrenic patients have enlarged cerebral ventricles and other brain abnormalities when compared to other patient groups and to healthy controls (Johnstone et al. (1976), Weinberger et al. (1979)). In order to investigate whether structural brain abnormalities can be demonstrated also in younger patients with acute psychosis we have undertaken a CT study in 46 patients and 46 healthy volunteers. Twenty-eight of the patients fulfilled the Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia. Nineteen had not been hospitalized for psychiatric reasons before. The lateral and third ventricles were significantly wider in the patients than in the volunteers. In the volunteers there was a significant positive correlation between age and size of the lateral ventricles, whereas in the patients, particularly those fulfilling the criteria for schizophrenia, no such correlation was obtained. These results indicate that schizophrenia may be associated with patho-physiological processes which interfere with the normal age-related enlargement of the ventricles. Signs of cortical atrophy, CSF circulation disturbances and reversed asymmetry of the occipital lobes were more frequent in the patient group then among the controls. These results are in accordance with previously published findings and indicate that structural brain abnormalities can be found in relatively young patients with acute psychosis.
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PMID:Computed tomography of the brain in patients with acute psychosis and in healthy volunteers. 712 23

Argininosuccinic aciduria (ASA-uria) is a rare inborn error of the urea cycle, in which there is massive excretion of argininosuccinic acid (ASA) in the urine together with elevated concentrations of ASA in the plasma and the CSF. The characteristic symptoms are either those of overwhelming metabolic disease in the newborn period, or variable psychomotor retardation. The present patient, the first Finnish one to be reported, was a 49-year-old woman. She was hospitalized at the age of 26 with a diagnosis schizophrenia and mental retardation. Her clinical symptoms consisted of ataxia, disturbance of coordination, clumsiness, intention treMor and a positive Romberg's sign. The laboratory findings were consistent with the mild, late-onset type of ASA-uria.
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PMID:Argininosuccinic aciduria in a Finnish woman presenting with psychosis and mental retardation. 713 86

The authors examined the CSF GABA of 87 subjects: 29 normal control subjects, 11 patients with schizophrenia, 26 with depression, 6 with mania, and 15 with anorexia nervosa. Depressed patients had significantly lower CSF GABA levels than did normal subjects. This finding suggests that GABA may have a direct or indirect association with depressive affective disorders.
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PMID:CSF GABA in normal subjects and patients with depression, schizophrenia, mania, and anorexia nervosa. 725 90

Newly admitted psychotic patients often have elevations of serum creatine kinase (CK) enzymatic activity. Previous studies indicate that this increase consists of the muscle (MM) isozyme, and increases in the brain (BB) isozyme have not been observed. Using sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays that detect both active and inactive enzyme, we measured CK-MM and CK-BB in the serum and CSF of 100 patients with schizophrenia who were not newly admitted but whose conditions varied from acute to chronic to determine whether CK-MM or CK-BB appears in the CSF and whether CK-BB can be found in the serum of these patients. We found no unusual concentrations of either isozyme in CSF. We did observe a few elevations in serum CK-BB levels, but this test does not appear to be of diagnostic value for schizophrenic patients who are not newly admitted.
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PMID:Creatine kinase isozymes in the serum and CSF of schizophrenic patients. 729 65


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