Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A cross-sectional survey of the social functioning of community dwelling older adults was undertaken. Older adults with no psychiatric morbidity, depressed older adults and older adults with schizophrenia were surveyed to see if there were differences in the level of social functioning of the three groups. The setting was two old age psychiatric services, one in an urban area of London and the other in a semi-rural area of Leicestershire. Participants consisted of depressed (n = 81) or normal (n = 101) older persons identified as part of a general practice over 75 years check and clients over 65 years with schizophrenia (n = 30) known to mental health teams for older adults. All participants were interviewed by one of two trained researchers and completed the Mini-Mental State Examination questionnaire, the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, a social functioning questionnaire, and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry or the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. In our sample population, community dwelling older persons without any psychiatric diagnosis were the least isolated from their local community, reported more private leisure activities, and had the least contact with professional community services. Clients with schizophrenia reported more isolation from their local community and fewer private leisure activities than clients with a diagnosis of depression.
 ...
PMID:The social functioning of older adults with schizophrenia. 1202 83

The schizotypal personality disorder is believed to be part of the schizophrenic spectrum of disorders including schizophrenic patients as well as some of their seemingly unaffected relatives with discreet symptoms. Spectrum-individuals are characterised by a genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia. The vulnerability is connected with neurocognitive deficits independent of clinical state. Some cognitive dysfunctions are unspecific and probably related to non-genetic brain damage. A consistent finding has, however, been poor performance in tasks involving information processing and attention. The findings point to the existence of specific sensory-perceptual deficits or a general attentional dysfunction. Identification of cognitive disturbances characteristic not only of schizophrenics, but also of schizotypal disordered and their relatives in the boundaries of schizophrenia, is relevant in order better to understand the pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment of schizophrenia. In the present review clinical data are analysed based on models of vulnerability and information processing with reference to a characterisation of the neuro-integrative deficits that form the core abnormalities of the spectrum.
 ...
PMID:Information processing and attentional dysfunctions as vulnerability indicators in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. 1260 28

Relatively little is known about the different characteristics of non-institutionalized geriatric and younger subjects with schizophrenia. This study compared demographic and clinical characteristics of all the geriatric, middle-age and young subjects with schizophrenia living in a Chinese rural community. Geriatric (age >/= 65 years) (N = 51), middle-age (age 41-64 years) (N = 263) and young subjects with schizophrenia (age 15-40 years) (N = 196) in a rural community were assessed with the Present State Examination and Social Disability Screening Schedule. Age at first onset was significantly older in geriatric male and female groups. While there were no significant differences of negative symptoms among the three groups, the rates of lifetime nuclear syndrome were significantly lower in geriatric subjects compared to the other two groups. Geriatric subjects were less likely to have been hospitalized (9.8%) than middle-age (19.0%) and younger subjects (24.8%). Although the duration of illness was significantly longer in geriatric subjects than in the other two groups, the clinical outcome was significantly better in the geriatric group and social functioning scores were similar among the three groups. Geriatric subjects were more likely to be female, with longer duration of illness, fewer "core" symptoms, relatively stable social functioning and clinical outcome. The pathogenesis and psychopathology of geriatric subjects may be different compared to younger subjects with schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of characteristics between geriatric and younger subjects with schizophrenia in community. 1520 94

The exponential growth in the prevalence of cognitive impairment of old patients leads the physicians to deal with a larger incidence of behavioral disorders (such as excitement,aggressiveness), and psychotic symptoms (such as delirium and visual hallucinations). The presence of psychotic troubles in dementia causes a remarkable distress to caregivers and involves higher difficulties in the patient management. The estimates of such troubles range between 15 and 75 %. Geriatric assessment and the management of behavioral troubles require a prompt evaluation of all their possible causes. As a matter of fact, their appearance often reveals a physical disturbance (pain, fever, etc.), or adverse environmental conditions, or it could also be a consequence of a multiple drug therapy. For this reason,the use of antipsychotics should always be preceded by an accurate clinical diagnosis.Anxiolytic, anti-depressive, anti-convulsive and anti-psychotic drugs are among the therapeutic strategies for the management of the psychogeriatric patient. Atypical antipsychotics seem to be able to decrease the psychotic symptoms, with low levels of therapeutic failure. They also reduce extrapyramidal effects and the growth of prolactine hormone, which is quite useful when dealing with very old patients. Risperidone and olanzapine are two atypical anti-psychotics, which already proved to be adequate and well tolerated during the treatment of schizophrenia and of acute maniacal disorders. Our experience, with a population of patients followed by our Alzheimer Evaluation Unit (AEU), confirms that a low dose of olanzapine (5mg/day) and risperidone (0.5-1.0 mg/day) are effective in lowering behavioral disturbances, and psychotic symptoms due to dementia. Even in the long run,low doses of these drugs are still well tolerated. Higher levels of risperidone (> 1 mg/die)often caused extra-pyramidal symptoms such as rigidity and dyskinesia, whereas higher levels of olanzapine (> 5 mg/day) lead to an exceeding sedation. The management of behavioral disturbances is one of the most important goals in the global treatment of patients affected by dementia, to the extent of improving the quality of life. Atypical antipsychotics are preferable compared to old-generation drugs, therefore, they are the key therapeutic strategy we cannot renounce.
 ...
PMID:The management of psychogeriatric patient. 1520 48

To investigate the cognitive functioning of children and adolescents with bipolar illness, 112 child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients and day-hospital patients at a state psychiatric hospital were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III) as part of an admission psychological assessment. There were 22 patients with Bipolar Disorder and 90 with other psychiatric disorders; all were between 8 and 17 years of age. The patients with Bipolar Disorder had a mean age of 14 yr., a mean Verbal IQ of 78, a mean Performance IQ of 76, and a mean Full Scale IQ of 75. When their WISC-III scores were compared with those who had Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders (Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder), Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, there were no significant between-group mean differences for Verbal IQ, but patients with Bipolar Disorder had a significantly lower mean Performance IQ than those with ADHD and those with Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Contrary to the expectation that the patients with Bipolar Disorder might have better sustained attention (higher Digit Span scores) than those with Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders and worse visual processing speed (lower Coding scores) than the other diagnostic groups, the bipolar patients' Digit Span and Coding scores did not differ significantly from those of the other groups. The patients with Psychosis, Not Otherwise Specified had significantly lower mean Performance IQ, Full Scale IQ, and Coding than the ADHD and the Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Disorder groups.
 ...
PMID:Sustained attention and visual processing speed in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders. 1546 Mar 56

This study evaluates the validity and the reliability of a new instrument developed to assess the psychotic spectrum: the Structured Clinical Interview for the Psychotic Spectrum (SCI-PSY). The instrument is based on a spectrum model that emphasizes soft signs, low-grade symptoms, subthreshold syndromes, as well as temperamental and personality traits comprising the clinical and subsyndromal psychotic manifestations. The items of the interview include, in addition to a subset of the DSM-IV criteria for psychotic syndromes, a number of features derived from clinical experience and from a review of the phenomenological descriptions of psychoses. Study participants were enrolled at 11 Italian Departments of Psychiatry located at 9 sites and included 77 consecutive patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, 66 with borderline personality disorder, 59 with psychotic mood disorders, 98 with non-psychotic mood disorders and 57 with panic disorder. A comparison group of 102 unselected controls was enrolled at the same sites. The SCI-PSY significantly discriminated subjects with any psychiatric diagnosis from controls and subjects with from those without psychotic disorders. The hypothesized structure of the instrument was confirmed empirically.
 ...
PMID:The psychotic spectrum: validity and reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Psychotic Spectrum. 1588 28

To investigate the cognitive functioning of children and adolescents with Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders and Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified, 22 child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients and day-hospital patients at a state psychiatric hospital with Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders, 30 with Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified, and 130 with other psychiatric disorders, ages 8 to 17 years, were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III for psychological assessment at admission. The Performance IQs of the ADHD and the Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder groups were significantly higher than those of the Schizophrenia Spectrum and the Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified groups, and the Full Scale IQs of the Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder group were significantly higher than those of the Schizophrenia Spectrum group and the Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified group. The Coding scores of the ADHD group were significantly higher than those of the Schizophrenia Spectrum, the Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified, and the Bipolar Disorder groups. There was a significant negative correlation between age and Digit Span for the Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders group.
 ...
PMID:Sustained attention, visual processing speed, and IQ in children and adolescents with Schizophrenia Spectrum disorder and Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified. 1667

To explore associations between psychiatric symptoms and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in low-birth-weight adolescents, 55 very low-birth-weight (<or=1500 gm), 54 term small for gestational age (birth weight <10th centile) and 66 term control adolescents (birth weight >or=10th centile) were assessed at 14-15 years of age. Outcome measures were Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale IV, Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire, and qualitatively assessed cerebral magnetic resonance images. The very low-birth-weight group manifested increased prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and disorders compared with controls (P < 0.001), especially symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and high frequency of ventricular dilatation, white matter reduction, thinning of corpus callosum, and gliosis (P < 0.01 vs controls). The Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale score was significantly associated with white matter reduction and thinning of corpus callosum in this group. The term small for gestational age group had increased prevalence of psychiatric symptoms compared with control subjects, but not more frequent abnormalities on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. In conclusion, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms were significantly associated with white matter reduction and thinning of corpus callosum in very low-birth-weight adolescents. No associations were found for other psychiatric symptoms and brain abnormalities in any of the groups.
 ...
PMID:Low-birth-weight adolescents: psychiatric symptoms and cerebral MRI abnormalities. 1619 24

The overall prevalence rates of general and specific child psychiatric disorders in Danish children are unknown. In this study, which aimed to estimate prevalence rates, a multi-method strategy using a two-step design was employed. The first step involved assessment with the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). The second step consisted of assessment using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children; Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL), The Children's Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS), The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISCIII), The Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), and a checklist containing the diagnostic criteria for Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD). Non-respondents were assessed through teachers using a modified brief version of the K-SADS-PL. A total of 751 children were targeted. The overall estimated prevalence rate of child psychopathology was 11.8 % [95% confidence interval (CI): 8.8, 14.8]. Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was found to be the most common specific child psychiatric disorder. There was no difference in prevalence rates between respondents and non-respondents. The estimated prevalence rates were broadly comparable to prevalence rates found in other epidemiological studies. The teacher-based interview proved to be a valid instrument for the assessment of non-respondents.
 ...
PMID:The population prevalence of child psychiatric disorders in Danish 8- to 9-year-old children. 1647 77

This paper is intended to lend support to the 2005 findings of McCarthy, Kraseski, Schvartz, Mercado, Daisy, Tobing, and Ryan in relation to the WISC-III performance of children and adolescents with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Relevant evidence from the literature and recent studies conducted by our group at the Institute of Psychiatry, UK, are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Comment on IQ, sustained attention, and visual processing speed in children and adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. 1615 95


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>