Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Open study was performed concerning the efficiency of cerebrolysin in treatment of tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism. 30 patients of middle (18-41 years) and old (60-82 years) age were examined by means of Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. Cerebrolysin was administered intravenously by drops every other day in a dose of 5-10 ml during 28 days. Significant decrease of the severity of extrapyramidal symptoms (according to the Scales used) was observed by the end of the course of therapy. The number of the responders was 46.6%, of the partial responders--26.6%. Efficiency of cerebrolysin was the same both in the groups of patients with drug-induced parkinsonism (number of the responders--54.5%) and in patients with tardive dyskinesia (the responders' number--60%). The efficiency of cerebrolysin was lower in patients with combination of symptoms of parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia as well as in ones with pronounced negative schizophrenic disorders in clinical picture. Efficacy of cerebrolysin was also the same in patients of both middle and old age. Its efficiency was equally high independently on the duration of extrapyramidal disorders' existence.
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PMID:[Use of cerebrolysin in the treatment of prolonged extrapyramidal complications of neuroleptic therapy]. 1151 74

Study aim was 1) to find out the influences on quality of life (QoL) of chronic outpatients with schizophrenia; 2) to calculate Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY); and 3) to estimate direct 1-year treatment costs. In a 20% sample (100 males, 100 females) of schizophrenic outpatients from the Outpatients Clinic in Ljubljana, Slovenia receiving depot neuroleptics demographic, clinical, and treatment data were collected for the year 1996. The Krawiecka Scale, Global Assessment Scale (GAS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, Rating Scale for Drug-Induced Akathisia, Rating Scale for Extrapyramidal Side Effects, Quality of Life Scale (QLS), EQ-5D and QALY were used. Multivariate linear regression was used with the QLS score as dependent variable. The patients were on average 44 years old and had been treated for 14 years. The average GAS score was 70. GAS was positively related to the QLS score while the parkinsonism score was inversely correlated with QLS. The patients can expect to live for 10. 20 more QALY on average. The QoL on the EQ-5D scale was 0.73. The annual direct treatment costs amounted to $216,216 in 1996 prices. In well-adjusted chronic patients with schizophrenia the QoL seems to depend mostly on their psychosocial performance and side effects. Although rare, re-hospitalisations accounted for one-half of all treatment expenses.
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PMID:Quality of life and treatment costs in schizophrenic outpatients, treated with depot neuroleptics. 1177 38

The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD) was studied with the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale in Chinese and Malay patients with schizophrenia who were hospitalized in a Singapore state psychiatric institute. We also studied the relationship of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal side effects to TD. By using established criteria, the rates of TD were 40.6% for Chinese and 29.0% for Malays, higher than previously reported for Chinese subjects. Older age and lower current neuroleptic dose were significantly associated with TD. Multivariate analysis, after controlling for other salient risk variables, did not show a significant difference in TD prevalence rates between the two races. We conclude that suggested differences in interethnic rates of TD among Chinese, Malays, and Westerners are unlikely to exist and that any variation in prevalence is more likely to be determined by differences in duration of exposure and dose levels of neuroleptic drugs.
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PMID:Tardive dyskinesia among Chinese and Malay patients with schizophrenia. 1179 39

The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene is considered one of the candidate genes contributing to the development of tardive dyskinesia (TD). In the present study, we investigated the genetic association between three functional polymorphisms (Ser311Cys, -141C Ins/Del and TaqI A) in the DRD2 gene and TD (200 patients with schizophrenia: 44 with TD and 156 without TD). No significant difference in the allelic and genotypic distribution between patients with TD and those without TD was observed. However, we found a slightly significant association between the -141C Ins/Del polymorphism and the total Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) score (P = 0.037). The significant association between the -141C Ins/Del polymorphism and the total AIMS score did not remain after the regression analysis was taken into account (P = 0.14). Our results suggest that that three functional polymorphisms in DRD2 may not play a major role in the occurrence of TD.
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PMID:Association between three functional polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. 1180 29

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationships between neurocognitive deficits and quality of life for patient with schizophrenia. Fifty-seven schizophrenic outpatients (38 men and 19 women) were assessed for neurocognitive deficits using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and all patients completed the PCASEE (P=physical, C=cognitive, A=affective, S=social, E=economic-social, and E=ego functions) questionnaire to assess their quality of life. We assessed psychiatric symptoms using the Schedule for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and the Schedule for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). We rated the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) for extrapyramidal side effects. Pearson correlational analyses were conducted to assess the relationships among measures of quality of life, neurocognitive functioning, symptoms, and extrapyramidal side effects. There were significant relationships among the total score of the PCASEE questionnaire and the SANS total score and the AIMS total score (P<.001). Small but significant associations were found among the total score of the PCASEE questionnaire and the SAPS total score and a number of nonperseverative errors (P<.05). Negative symptoms and extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenia appear to have direct impact on the patient's perceived quality of life.
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PMID:Neurocognitive deficits and quality of life in outpatients with schizophrenia. 1245 50

The superiority of olanzapine to haloperidol with respect to a decreased incidence of treatment-emergent extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS) in patients with schizophrenia was demonstrated in studies conducted in both Japan and Western countries. EPS measurements used in Western countries included the Simpson-Angus, Barnes akathisia and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, while the Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptom Scale (DIEPSS) was used in Japan. The aim of this study was to clarify how the DIEPSS captures EPS profiles. The baseline prevalence and treatment-emergent incidence of EPS in Japanese schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine or haloperidol were retrospectively compared as assessed by the DIEPSS to the prevalence and incidence of EPS in primarily Caucasian schizophrenic patients who were treated with olanzapine or haloperidol. Specifically, the prevalence and incidence of dyskinesia, akathisia and parkinsonism were compared between the Japanese trial and an international trial to examine if appropriate definitions using the DIEPSS can be derived assuming that a comparable prevalence and incidence of the syndromes would be observed when any differences in residual antipsychotic exposure at the initiation of study treatment were accounted for. For the incidence of all EPS syndromes, odds ratios were observed to be similar between the two studies, indicating that appropriate criteria for the clinical diagnosis of the EPS syndromes could be established based on the DIEPSS. This preliminary and retrospective work suggests that the DIEPSS can be used to operationally define the presence or absence, and make the clinical diagnosis, of specific EPS syndromes.
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PMID:Extrapyramidal symptom profiles assessed with the Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptom Scale: comparison with Western scales in the clinical double-blind studies of schizophrenic patients treated with either olanzapine or haloperidol. 1249 Jul 74

The putative role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia (TD) makes the genes coding for dopamine receptors the appropriate candidates for study. We investigate the association of the polymorphism of the Ser311Cys and Ser9Gly of the dopamine D2 (DRD2) and D3 receptor (DRD3) genes respectively with TD in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. In a case-control study, 117 Chinese patients with TD were compared to 200 patients without TD. Patients were diagnosed to have schizophrenia according to DSM-IV criteria. Dyskinesia was assessed by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), whereas extrapyramidal side-effects (EPSE) were assessed by the Simpson-Angus Rating Scale. Genotype groups were comparable in age, gender, duration of illness, daily neuroleptic and benzodiazepine dose as well as the mean scores for EPSE. We failed to find an association between the polymorphism of the DRD2 gene with TD but found an increased risk of developing TD among those with D3 serine/serine genotype. Our results did not indicate that the D2 genotype has a role in the pathophysiology of TD in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. The association of TD with the serine/serine genotype of the DRD3 may be an epiphenomenon of patients with a subtype of schizophrenia who had more exposure to neuroleptics.
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PMID:Polymorphisms of dopamine receptors and tardive dyskinesia among Chinese patients with schizophrenia. 1249 14

We investigated the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among patients who were primarily diagnosed with schizophrenia. We investigated the differences in the neuropsychiatric features and motor symptoms between patients with schizophrenia who did or did not have OCD. Seventy-one subjects with the DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia were evaluated by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, the Yale-Brown Obsessive-compulsive Scale and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. To assess their motor symptoms, the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale, the Barnes rating scale for drug-induced akathisia and the Simpson and Angus extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) rating scale were used. The 13 subjects with OCD (18.3%) had significantly more severe motor symptoms than the non-OCD subjects. Patients with schizophrenia who exhibit moderate to severe motor symptoms as side-effects of neuroleptics, should be examined for OCD comorbidity. Patients who are found to have OCD comorbidity must be treated with carefully chosen medications, including serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.
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PMID:Features of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients primarily diagnosed with schizophrenia. 1251 57

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is an involuntary movement disorder induced by long-term antipsychotic treatments. Estrogen is suggested to modulate dopamine receptors in the central nervous system and may decrease the incidence and/or relieve the symptoms of TD. In this study, 118 schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic-induced TD and 128 sex- and age-matched non-TD schizophrenia patients were recruited. All patients were assessed by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale and genotyped for the polymorphisms of estrogen receptor-alpha gene (ESR 1). There was a marginal association of the genotypes determined by PVU II between TD and non-TD patients (p = 0.057), but not of the genotypes determined by XBA I (p = 0.896). However, further studies on other polymorphisms of ESR 1 or other estrogen receptors are necessary to clarify the role of estrogen in the pathogenesis of TD.
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PMID:Association study of the estrogen receptor polymorphisms with tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. 1256 32

Aripiprazole is a novel antipsychotic with a unique mechanism of action. Presented here is a pooled analysis of safety and tolerability data from all completed short-term, placebo-controlled trials in schizophrenia from the aripiprazole clinical development program. Data were analyzed from five 4- to 6-week double-blind multicenter studies of patients hospitalized with acute relapse of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder randomized to aripiprazole (n=932), placebo (n=416), or haloperidol (n=201). Daily aripiprazole doses ranged from 2 to 30 mg. Safety assessments included adverse event (AE) reports, EPS scales, ECGs, weight, and prolactin, glucose and cholesterol levels. Aripiprazole was well tolerated, with similar AE incidence rates to placebo, and lower rates than haloperidol for akathisia, extrapyramidal syndrome and somnolence. Objective EPS assessments demonstrated no significant differences between aripiprazole and placebo on Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) scores, no dose-dependent effects on Barnes Akathisia scores, and significant reductions in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) scores from baseline vs. placebo (p</=0.01). Haloperidol showed increased SAS and Barnes Akathisia scores over placebo (p</=0.01). There was minimal mean weight change with aripiprazole (+0.71 kg) and haloperidol (+0.56 kg), and a lack of QT(c) prolongation. Serum prolactin increased with haloperidol, but not aripiprazole. In conclusion, aripiprazole shows a favorable safety and tolerability profile with low potential for EPS, weight gain, prolactin elevation, QT(c) prolongation, and sedation. Aripiprazole's safety profile may offer benefits in schizophrenia treatment.
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PMID:Aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia: safety and tolerability in short-term, placebo-controlled trials. 1272 64


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