Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

My life work with epilepsy has allowed me to learn a great deal. As an old soldier, I would like to give an account of some important milestones in my lifetime learning. The first factor that linked me to epilepsy was listening to a lecture delivered by Dr Yushi Uchimura on 'The pathogenesis of Ammon's horn sclerosis' at a conference of the Japanese Society of Neurology (now Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology) in 1928 when I was a 4th year medical student at Tokyo University. The following year, I started to study under Dr Uchimura at the Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University School of Medicine. Another factor that linked me to clinical care and research of epilepsy as a psychiatrist was my encounter with the two volumes of 'Selected Writing of John Hughlings Jackson' edited by J. Taylor. Jackson's greatest asset and contribution to modern epileptology include (i) the discovery of 'Jacksonian epilepsy', (ii) 'conceptual revolution of epilepsy' by recognizing transient mental disorders as seizures, (iii) modern definition of epilepsy by defining epileptic seizures as discharges in the gray matter, and (iv) discovery of 'new epilepsy' (now temporal lobe epilepsy). In 1940, I reported clinical courses indistinguishable from schizophrenia in epilepsy cases. Through my studies, I disputed the then prevailing interpretation of this condition as epilepsy complicating schizophrenia, and proved that these cases were in fact epileptic mental disorders caused by epilepsy. Many patients with epilepsy require medical care as well as rehabilitation and welfare support. We need to further promote the facilities for rehabilitation and employment in the community for persons with epilepsy, such as co-operatives and welfare worksites. The issues that epileptology and epilepsy face in the 21st century is to realize the goals of liberating epilepsy from social stigma and protecting all the citizen's rights for persons with epilepsy.
 ...
PMID:What I learnt from studying epilepsy: epileptology and myself. 1500 12

The stigma attaching to mental illness and psychiatry, and the resulting discrimination of people with mental disorders are major obstacles to early and successful treatment. The current antistigma program "Open the Doors" of the World Psychiatric Association, currently being implemented in 26 countries is aimed at reducing the stigma attached to, and discrimination against, schizophrenia. Since 1999 the program has been running in 7 project centers in Germany. Information programs for the public, and measures aimed at specific target groups will, it is hoped, improve knowledge about the causes, nature and therapeutic options in schizophrenic disorders, and break down prejudices and negative attitudes, thus facilitating the social rehabilitation of those affected.
 ...
PMID:["Open the doors"--the antistigma program of the World Psychiatric Association]. 1510 96

This paper reviews stigma and its consequences for mental health consumers, presents results from three large scale stigma-reduction programs that have been implemented at national and international levels, and focuses on the specific experiences of the Canadian Pilot Program of the World Health Organizations Global Program to Fight Stigma and Discrimination Because of Schizophrenia in order to draw lessons for better practices for anti-stigma programming. Experiences to date suggest that the most cost-effective interventions are likely to be carefully targeted to specific sub-populations. Broad-based public education campaigns have been disappointing and are unlikely to produce meaningful change in attitudes or behaviours. Approaches that employ contact with mental health consumers in the context of anti-stigma education appear most promising.
 ...
PMID:[Stigma and stigma reduction: lessons learned]. 1536 11

The term jing-shen-fen-lie-zheng (mind-split-disease) has been used to denote schizophrenia in Chinese societies. Many Asian countries, where the Chinese writing system is used, adopt a similar translation. This study examined whether a less pejorative name si-jue-shi-diao (dys-regulation of thought and perception) as a diagnostic label for symptoms of schizophrenia could reduce stigma. Secondary school students (n = 313) were randomly assigned to read a vignette with one of four labels: si-jue-shi-diao, jing-shen-fen-lie-zheng, jing-shen-bin (mental illness), and no label. Students expressed their social distance, stereotypes held, and attributions toward a young adult who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV of Mental Health Disorders criteria for schizophrenia. It was found that psychiatric labeling did not have a statistically significant main effect on attitude measures. However, students with religious beliefs were more accepting toward the target individual associated with diagnostic label than one with no labeling. The results cast doubts that less pejorative labels can reduce the social stigma of schizophrenia. Some potential drawbacks in using politically correct terms to describe schizophrenia are highlighted.
 ...
PMID:Can a less pejorative Chinese translation for schizophrenia reduce stigma? A study of adolescents' attitudes toward people with schizophrenia. 1548 82

Illness-related stigma is a complex and important issue, and its social impact contributes to a hidden burden of many health problems. Mitigating effects of stigma are a priority for mental health policy, especially for schizophrenia. Although numerous studies document its impact on patients and their families, health studies of stigma typically regard it in global terms without adequate attention to the conceptual and practical importance of sociocultural contexts and the particular features of illness that evoke stigma. Research at a psychiatric referral center in Bangalore, India, studied the cultural epidemiology of schizophrenia and stigma in interviews with family caretakers of 60 patients, using a locally adapted EMIC interview and the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale. An index of 13 stigma queries based on Goffman's formulation covered relevant aspects and proved to be internally consistent (Cronbach alpha = 0.81). Multivariate statistical regression and qualitative analysis of narratives were used to analyze this stigma index and identify explanatory variables based on cultural patterns of distress (PD), perceived causes (PC), and previous help seeking (HS). Significant variables included suspiciousness and inappropriate sexual behavior (PD), heredity and bad deeds (PC), and informal help seeking (HS). Previous allopathic help seeking was negatively associated with stigma. Analysis of coded text segments from respondent narratives showed how these variables were related to family-perceived stigma, with reference to marriage practices, moral meanings of schizophrenia, and ways in which effective allopathic care minimized stigma. Findings identify features of schizophrenia-related stigma in India, contribute to comparative culture studies, and inform practical approaches to mitigate stigma through community awareness and improved mental health services.
 ...
PMID:Schizophrenia and the cultural epidemiology of stigma in Bangalore, India. 1550 17

Given the morbidity and difficulty of treating psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, there has been a move toward identifying and treating adolescents and young adults who appear to be clinically at risk or "prodromal" to psychosis. The field now has greater specificity in identification, with rates of 40-50% conversion to frank psychosis within 1-2 years. There is further evidence that medications and other treatments may have some efficacy for "prodromal" patients, though with variable side effects. However, controversy remains about some of the inherent risks in prodromal research, such as medication exposure and stigma among false-positives. In this paper, we add to this discussion through an analysis of ethics in prodromal research from the more established field of predictive genetic testing. Issues are raised about the effects of information on patients, families, and institutions, as well as future insurability, the limits of confidentiality (as it relies on discretion of patients and families), the autonomy of minors with psychiatric symptoms, and even the risks for the true-positive patient.
 ...
PMID:Prodromal interventions for schizophrenia vulnerability: the risks of being "at risk". 1565 60

Vignettes were used to examine the effect of labeling a person with two stigmatized illnesses, HIV disease and serious mental illness (schizophrenia). The additive model predicted that stigma associated with combined HIV and serious mental illness would resemble the simple sum of those for the two conditions. The discounting model predicted that the presence of serious mental illness would lead subjects to view the target individual as less responsible for infection, resulting in less stigmatization than given for HIV alone. Data collected from 244 participants at a public northeastern university supported the additive model. Stigmatization was highest in the group labeled with both HIV and serious mental illness, while stigmatization associated with someone with only HIV was less than those associated with someone with only serious mental illness. Possible explanations are discussed.
 ...
PMID:How is stigmatization affected by the "layering" of stigmatized conditions, such as serious mental illness and HIV? 1566 6

The lifetime emotional, social, and financial consequences experienced by individuals with schizophrenia have significant effects on their families. Family responses to having a family member with schizophrenia include: care burden, fear and embarrassment about illness signs and symptoms, uncertainty about course of the disease, lack of social support, and stigma. Study findings about families in which parents are hostile, critical, or overly involved are equivocal about whether this negative environment contributes to patient relapse. This review summarizes the studies related to the family responses and emotional environment of families who have a member with schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Living with schizophrenia: a family perspective. 1572 42

The relationship of personal characteristics, objective indicators, and self-esteem to quality of life (QOL) was investigated cross-sectionally in 73 Japanese schizophrenic patients, and the question of how objective conditions affect subjective evaluation was evaluated. Depressive mood and uncooperativeness were negatively correlated with self-esteem, and self-esteem was positively correlated with QOL. Self-esteem was considered to directly affect QOL, and depressive mood and uncooperativeness to affect QOL via self-esteem. Findings suggest that, in order to improve the QOL of schizophrenia patients, interventions to help alleviate psychiatric symptoms (e.g. depressive mood, uncooperativeness) must be utilized. A change in Japanese society itself must occur so that the consequences of stigma may be reduced and patient coping skills improved.
 ...
PMID:Quality of life of schizophrenic patients living in the community: the relationships with personal characteristics, objective indicators and self-esteem. 1582 62

The World Psychiatric Association Programme to Reduce Stigma and Discrimination Because of Schizophrenia, which was launched in 1996, has established projects to fight stigma in 20 countries, using social-marketing techniques to enhance their effectiveness. This article describes some of the strategies used and the lessons learned in implementing two local antistigma projects. At each site the first steps were to establish an action committee and to conduct a local survey of perceived stigma. On the basis of the survey, the local action committee selected a few homogeneous and accessible target groups, such as students, employers, and criminal justice personnel. These smaller groups were targeted, because focusing on the general public is expensive and unlikely to have a measurable impact. Messages for the target groups and the media used to reach them were carefully selected, tested, and refined. The author gives examples of the work that was done with such target groups as high school students and the criminal justice system. Guidelines are provided for setting up a consumer speakers' bureau, which is valuable for addressing target groups. The bureau can be made up of people who have experienced mental illness, family members, and mental health professionals. Guidelines are also provided for establishing a media-watch organization, which can lobby news and entertainment media to exclude negative portrayals of people with mental illness. Organizers of local projects should be on the lookout for useful changes that can become permanent, such as changes in the curriculum for high school students or for police officers in training. Projects such as these can be effective in reducing stigma and can be relatively inexpensive.
 ...
PMID:Local projects of the world psychiatric association programme to reduce stigma and discrimination. 1587 66


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>