Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One of the most surprising evolutionary discoveries is that wild species similar to human contain a vast reservoir of variability. Why are we persistently reluctant to discuss normal variation in brain structure and function and label any deviation pathological? Despite the failure of Mendelian Genetics to solve the genetic puzzle in psychiatry, we refuse to discuss multifactorial inheritance and the role of environmental factors. Rising living conditions (high protein diet) accelerate maturation, lower pubertal age, shift body-built toward more weight for height and cerebral excitability toward higher levels. Another environmental factor which has to be provided by diet is marine fat which our brain consists of. It normalizes brain function at all levels of excitability and possibly prevents psychotic episodes if adequately supplied. As part of Human Variation in Growth and Maturation, Schizophrenia and Manic-depressive psychosis are multifactorially inherited and share susceptibility loci. They are localized at the extremes of variation. Excitability, body-built, clinical picture and CNS finding accord with this, their phenotypic characteristics might prove valuable in a hunt for genes not common to both disorders.
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PMID:Our neglect of the normal variation is linked to a reluctance to accept multifactorial inheritance and the role of environment. 1260 32

Clinical and experimental evidence suggest an involvement of dopamine systems, mainly the mesocorticolimbic one (MCL), in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, it remains to be ascertained whether the systems are hyper- or hypo-functioning, for the implications of the functional state. Indeed, differential functional states of the MCL branches are suggested to be the neural substrate of different ADHD variants. This review covers published and unpublished data from the Naples-High Excitability (NHE) rat, an animal model of ADHD, featuring its main aspects, with no hypertension. Therefore, a multiple approach based on morphological studies of dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate, acetylcholine and GABA systems, synaptic (Calcium/Calmodulin kinase II) and extrasynaptic (chondroitin sulphates) environments, and molecular biology and pharmacological studies on the dopamine system has been carried out. Morphological findings suggest dopamine neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) to be hypertrophic in NHE rats. The mesostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine branches appear to be normal in basal conditions. However, the striatal interface is probably defective following activation. Conversely, the prefrontal cortex, which represents the second main target of VTA dopamine neurons, has many alterations at the basal level. Therefore, the emerging picture is the association of a hyperinnervating and hyperfunctioning mesocortical branch of the dopamine system. Thus, the evidence gathered so far might improve our understanding of the neural substrates of neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD, schizophrenia and drug addiction.
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PMID:Behavioural, pharmacological, morpho-functional molecular studies reveal a hyperfunctioning mesocortical dopamine system in an animal model of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. 1462 12