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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The stigma associated with schizophrenia is pervasive, both in the community and among healthcare workers, and forms a real barrier to optimal recovery from the illness. The negative consequences of stigma include discrimination in housing, education and employment, and increased feelings of hopelessness in people with schizophrenia. Health professionals have a responsibility to improve their own attitudes and behaviour towards people with schizophrenia so they do not contribute to the stigma. Educational campaigns aimed at people in the community and media personnel could help to demystify mental illness and reduce the portrayal of offensive stereotypes of people with schizophrenia.
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PMID:Reducing mental illness stigma and discrimination - everybody's business. 1272 May 21

Treating patients with schizophrenia mostly in the community causes more problems for the families. Shame, guilt, fear, helplessness, hopelessness, and anger are feelings frequently experienced by families. The main difficulties are financial problems, intra-familial conflicts, negative effects on social life, and the rejecting attitude of the community towards the patients. Negative symptoms are especially burdensome for the families. Families with inadequate social support, with high expressed emotion, and who cannot use effective coping styles have heavier burdens. When the relationship between schizophrenia and family is investigated in a historical context, it is seen that most investigators supporting psychological theory consider the family to be the cause of the disease. These theories, which depend mostly on clinical observations and which have damaged the relationship between the clinicians and the family members, have lost their validity during the last thirty years. Family should be included in the treatment plan. Hospitalization due to the first psychotic episode or further psychotic recurrences is the most convenient period for establishing contact with the families. One should approach the family in a supportive and empathic manner, without putting any blame on them. If maladaptive coping styles are being used, one should help the family to change to adaptive ones. In addition to educative and supportive groups, more specific methods like cognitive-behavioral therapies can be used. Families should be supported in terms of forming non-governmental organizations.
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PMID:[Schizophrenia and the family: difficulties, burdens, emotions, needs]. 1279 67

Although many persons with schizophrenia report significant levels of hopelessness, less is understood about the impact of hopelessness on functioning. This study examined the relationship between initial ratings of hopelessness and work functioning in the third week of a vocational rehabilitation program for 34 veterans with a diagnosis of a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Pearson correlations revealed that poorer task performance was associated with perhaps unrealistic expectations of success, whereas poorer interpersonal functioning at work was associated with poorer motivation. The findings suggest that specific domains of hopelessness are associated with different aspects of work functioning.
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PMID:Hopelessness as a predictor of work functioning among patients with schizophrenia. 1506 57

Understanding the relationship between depression and suicidal behavior among individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder can aid assessment and treatment. In this study, 86 individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder were assessed for past and current suicidal behavior, depression, hopelessness, and reasons for living. Thirty-four percent reported a history of suicide attempts. Suicidal behavior typically occurred 4.5 years after the onset of psychosis and 7.5 years after the onset of the first major depressive episode for those who had a history of major depression. Depression was frequent among both attempters and non-attempters, but only half of the attempters reported a suicide attempt during an episode of major depression. And almost half of those with depression never made a suicide attempt despite a long history of illness. Although depression is a potential stressor for triggering suicidal behavior in a vulnerable subset of individuals with schizophrenia, schizophrenia research must identify other risk factors for suicidal behavior. Clinicians should remember that even without a depressive episode there is still a significant risk for suicidal behavior in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: examining the role of depression. 1510 89

While hopelessness has been widely observed in schizophrenia and its clinical significance accepted, research has been equivocal regarding its relationship to symptoms and neurocognition. One possible reason for this is that different domains of hope have differential relationships to outcome. To explore this possibility, two aspects of hope, expectations of the future and motivation to persist were assessed along with neurocognition, personality, symptoms and social function among 52 persons in a post acute phase of schizophrenia. Multiple regressions revealed that neuroticism, verbal memory and income were each uniquely related to expectations of the future, accounting for almost one half of the variance (F=14.3, p<0.0001). By contrast, neuroticism and social isolation were uniquely related to motivational hope (F=13.6, p<0.0001), accounting for 35% of the variance. Positive and negative symptoms were unrelated to either form of hopelessness. Implications for research, and the development of interventions are discussed.
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PMID:Neurocognitive, social and clinical correlates of two domains of hopelessness in schizophrenia. 1532 3

The present study is an uncontrolled pilot investigation of individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for patients with positive symptoms of psychosis (n = 6). While previous studies have utilized either individual or group CBT for schizophrenia, the present investigation is the first to include both components for patients in the chronic phase of a psychotic illness. The results of this pilot study suggest that this approach may be useful for both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis. In addition, depression, anxiety, and hopelessness scores all decreased dramatically. The majority of the gains made during treatment were maintained over an 11-month follow-up period. A combined CBT treatment program may offer benefits in terms of delusional thinking, depression, and anxiety when used as an adjunctive treatment to medication. While the present study demonstrated positive effects from treatment, results are limited by the small sample size.
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PMID:Individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychotic disorders: a pilot investigation. 1565 Jun 19

Among schizophrenia patients, young (under 35 years of age), men within the first 5 years of illness onset are a particularly vulnerable group for suicide. It has been hypothesized that suicide in this group is related to the experience of the loss of functioning from pre- to post-morbid state and/or to the discrepancy between high expectations and actual achievements. The purpose of this study is to initiate the deconstruction of the sociocultural context of family of origin among schizophrenia patients as a means of better understanding "lost potential" and its relationship to indices of suicide risk such as hopelessness. Eighteen young, White, unemployed male schizophrenia patients were asked to indicate what job they thought they would have before the onset of schizophrenia and completed depression and hopelessness questionnaires. The results suggest that job expectation was significantly positively correlated with socioeconomic status of family of origin and patients' depression and hopelessness. The theoretical and treatment (especially with respect to vocational services) implications are discussed. Finally, this study formally introduces the concept that "advantaged" socioeconomic status may confer paradoxical disadvantage in coping with the vocational losses consequent to schizophrenia.
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PMID:Social class of origin, lost potential, and hopelessness in schizophrenia. 1594 65

While changes in self-experience have been suggested to be an important element of recovery from severe mental illness, little is known about how qualities of self-experience are linked with other indicators of health including objective measures such as symptoms profiles and subjective measures such as hope. To examine these issues the narratives of self and illness of 65 persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorder were obtained prior to entry into rehabilitation and rated using the Scale to Assess Narrative Development (STAND). STAND scores were then compared with concurrent assessments of hope assessed with the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), psychosocial function using the Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) and symptom profile defined categorically using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results suggest that higher ratings of the STAND were associated with greater expectations of perseverance on the BHS and higher levels of psychosocial function on the QOL. Lower symptom profiles were similarly linked with higher STAND scores. Results suggest qualities of self-experience expressed within personal narratives are linked to symptom profiles and subjective assessments of health. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
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PMID:Associations of symptoms, psychosocial function and hope with qualities of self-experience in schizophrenia: comparisons of objective and subjective indicators of health. 1644 65

Although agreement exists regarding the high occurrence of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms in schizophrenia, it is less clear how OC symptoms are related to the traditional symptoms of schizophrenia and co-occurring deficits. One possibility is that there may be two distinct groups of persons with schizophrenia who experience OC symptoms: one group with poor and another with relatively good function. In the present study, the relationships between OC symptoms, coping, and hope were examined among 67 persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. First, participants with significant levels of OC symptoms were compared with participants without OC symptoms. Then, participants with significant levels of both OC symptoms and negative symptoms were compared with participants with negative symptoms, but no OC symptoms, and to participants with neither OC symptoms nor negative symptoms. Analysis of variance revealed participants with significant levels of OC symptoms were significantly more likely to experience greater levels of hopelessness and endorse a preference for avoidant focused coping strategies relative to participants without significant OC symptoms. Participants with both negative symptoms and OC symptoms also had less hope and greater preferences for ignoring stressors than participants with negative symptoms but no OC symptoms and participants with neither OC symptoms nor negative symptoms. Implications for theory, practice and research are discussed.
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PMID:Obsessive-compulsive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: associations with coping preference and hope. 1651 48

In this study, demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with schizophrenia in a Chinese rural community who had attempted suicide at some time in their lives and those who had not made a suicide attempt were compared. Among individuals with schizophrenia, subjects with (n = 38) and without (n = 472) a lifetime history of suicide attempt were assessed with the Present State Examination. The results indicate that attempters had a significantly younger age, higher level of education, higher rate of lifetime depressed mood and hopelessness, and a larger number of positive symptoms than patients without suicide attempts. The logistic regression models also indicated that hopelessness, the number of positive symptoms and age were the most important predictors. Early interventions focusing on reducing hopelessness and controlling positive symptoms may help reduce the risk of suicide attempts among patients with schizophrenia.
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PMID:Characteristics of suicide attempters and nonattempters with schizophrenia in a rural community. 1655 85


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