Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For 152 psychiatric inpatients scores on the Beck Depression Scale, State form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Self-report Inventory, Hopelessness Scale and 3 MMPI scales, Hypochondriasis, Schizophrenia, and Hypomania, were factor analyzed. The two factors appeared to confirm Gotlib's 1984 suggestion that such questionnaires measure general distress, as responding endorses negative affect.
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PMID:Measurement and interrelations of psychiatric symptomatology in inpatients. 189 29

Suicide rates among schizophrenic individuals are disturbingly high. At present, suicide is the number one cause of premature death among schizophrenics, with 10 to 13 percent killing themselves. Recent studies place the risk of suicide for persons with schizophrenia at a level comparable to that for persons with affective disorder. Depression, especially the symptom of self-reported or perceived hopelessness, is an important comorbidity factor in assessing this risk. Young white schizophrenic men with high levels of premorbid functioning and high expectations are at particularly high risk. Schizophrenic women, unlike women in the general population, behave more like men when it comes to choosing suicide. This article reviews recent studies reporting suicide rates and risk factors for suicide among schizophrenic patients. Current issues concerning the prediction, prevention, and treatment of suicidality among persons with schizophrenia are also discussed.
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PMID:Schizophrenics kill themselves too: a review of risk factors for suicide. 207 36

Suicidal ideation in the elderly has been related to depression, changes in health, and anticipation of a limited future. The present study examined the Hopelessness Scale (HS) and its relation to these factors in a depressed geriatric population. A total of 120 elderly outpatients, who had applied to receive psychotherapy for depression, completed the HS, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), health ratings, and the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (SADS) at intake. The HS was found to be internally consistent, and a principal components analysis revealed three distinct factors that were related to hope, feelings of giving up, and future planning. The HS, BDI, and health ratings were predictive of suicidal ideation as measured by specific items in the SADS. The relation among suicidal ideation hopelessness, depression, and health perceptions for the depressed aged are discussed.
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PMID:Hopelessness as a measure of suicidal intent in the depressed elderly. 326 63

Symptom frequency and severity were compared in two sequential clinically referred samples of 95 children and 92 adolescents, aged 6 to 18 years, all medically healthy, assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children, Present Episode, who met unmodified Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the majority of depressive symptoms. However, prepubertal children had greater depressed appearance, somatic complaints, psychomotor agitation, separation anxiety, phobias, and hallucinations, whereas adolescents had greater anhedonia, hopelessness, hypersomnia, weight change, use of alcohol and illicit drugs, and lethality of suicide attempt, but not severity of suicidal ideation or intent. Adolescents with a duration of the depressive episode of two years or greater had significantly higher rates of suicidal ideation and intent, lethality, and number of suicide attempts than youngsters with depressive episodes of shorter duration. A principal components factor analysis of psychiatric symptoms was carried out in all 296 youngsters evaluated during the same period who met DSM-III criteria for any Axis I diagnosis. The majority had an affective disorder. Factors were quite similar for both adolescents and children and included an "endogenous" and an "anxious" factor, as in many studies of adult depression. In addition, three other factors were found: negative cognitions, appetite and weight changes, and a conduct factor. Suicidal ideation was a component of both the negative cognitions factor and the conduct factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents. 366 42

Psychiatric disorders are common in medical inpatient and outpatient populations. As a result, internists commonly are the first to see psychiatric emergencies. As with all medical problems, a good history, including a collateral history from relatives and friends, physical and mental status examination, and appropriate laboratory tests help establish a preliminary diagnosis and treatment plan. Patients with suicidal ideation usually have multiple stressors in the environment and/or a psychiatric disorder (i.e., a major affective disorder, dysthymic disorder, anxiety or panic disorder, psychotic disorder, alcohol or drug abuse, a personality disorder, and/or an adjustment disorder). Of all patients who commit suicide, 70% have a major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, psychotic organic mental disorder, alcoholism, drug abuse, and borderline personality disorder. Patients who are at great risk have minimal supports, a history of previous suicide attempts, a plan with high lethality, hopelessness, psychosis, paranoia, and/or command self-destructive hallucinations. Treatment is directed toward placing the patient in a protected environment and providing psychotropic medication and/or psychotherapy for the underlying psychiatric problem. Other psychiatric emergencies include psychotic and violent patients. Psychotic disorders fall into two categories etiologically: those that have an identifiable organic factor causing the psychosis and those that have an underlying psychiatric disorder. Initially, it is essential to rule out organic pathology that is life-threatening or could cause irreversible brain damage. After such organic causes are ruled out, neuroleptic medication is indicated. If the patient is not agitated or combative, he or she may be placed on oral divided doses of neuroleptics in the antipsychotic range. Patients who are agitated or psychotic need rapid tranquilization with an intramuscular neuroleptic every half hour to 1 hour until the agitation and combativeness are under control. Haloperidol (Haldol) is the safest neuroleptic. Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), perphenazine (Trilafon), and, in the elderly, thiothixene (Navane) can also be useful if haloperidol (Haldol) is not effective and more sedation is needed; these drugs, however, produce more side effects. Violent patients need to be physically restrained and then given antipsychotic medication or, in the case of drug abuse or alcohol withdrawal, the appropriate drug management.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Psychiatric emergencies. 373 71

The relationships between psychological variables and the presence of cancer, its prediction, and the prediction of cancer mortality and course of disease have been studied extensively. From a limited list of about 50 such variables, the following have been the focus of the most intensive research and are discussed in this report: human and animal stress; bereavement; depressed mood; psychosis, especially schizophrenia; suppression of emotions, especially anger; helplessness and hopelessness; social support; and psychotherapeutic intervention. For all of these variables, studies have shown both positive relationships and absence of relationships. The evidence against any such relationship is strongest for human stress, depressed mood, psychosis, and bereavement. Studies of animal stress show that it stimulates the development of cancers of viral origin and exacerbates their growth, while inhibiting the development and progression of chemically induced cancers. For the other factors, the literature remains contradictory.
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PMID:The role of psychological factors in cancer incidence and prognosis. 766 17

Biological findings such as low 5-HIAA levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in suicidal patients compared to non-suicidal patients independent of the type of psychiatric disorder indicate a broad basis for suicidality. It is therefore important to ask whether a suicidality syndrome can be delineated on a phenomenological level, and whether it is independent of specific major psychiatric disorders which are otherwise considered to be aetiologically different. This paper reports on a study of 2383 schizophrenic and 1920 depressive unselected patients with and without suicidality. They were assessed during the first 24 h after admission to a psychiatric in-patient facility using a comprehensive psychopathological assessment (AMDP system). Using multiple variance analysis and logistic regression analysis based on single symptoms, for both suicidal and non-suicidal patients it was shown that a suicidality syndrome independent of the underlying illness can be delineated. In schizophrenia as well as in major affective disorders it was found that hopelessness, ruminative thinking, social withdrawal and lack of activity are core symptoms of this suicidal syndrome. The finding of a suicidality syndrome, not associated with a specific major affective disorder, indicates the need to identify this syndrome, which should be seen as an independent dimension and diagnosed separately, and not regarded merely as a secondary symptom of major psychiatric disorders, particularly affective disorders.
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PMID:Is there a suicidality syndrome independent of specific major psychiatric disorder? Results of a split half multiple regression analysis. 888 67

No matter what the course of treatment determined to be most appropriate, suicidal behavior must be considered thoroughly, and it must be conveyed to the patient that the clinician can assist him or her through this period of increased distress. Hopelessness must be viewed as a symptom with the assumption that a more meaningful sense of purpose will emerge despite the chronic and potentially limiting nature of schizophrenia. Most people with schizophrenia are not suicidal, and most who are suicidal can be offered interventions that will reduce their symptomatology and thereby dissipate their suicidal behavior.
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PMID:Management of the suicidal patient with schizophrenia.. 932 17

This study was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the Modified Engulfment Scale (MES) which measures the impact of schizophrenia on self-concept. The concept of engulfment offers a theoretical framework for understanding how a person's self-concept incorporates the experience of mental illness. In a homogeneous sample of 100 outpatients with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder increased engulfment was found to correlate positively with hopelessness and low self-esteem and negatively with self-efficacy. In addition, clinical findings revealed that increased levels of engulfment were associated with an earlier age of onset, a longer illness, a greater number of hospitalizations and decreased social adjustment. These results suggest that individuals with a more severe form of the illness are vulnerable to engulfment. The study results also show substantial evidence for the reliability and validity of the MES.
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PMID:A scale to measure the impact of a schizophrenic illness on an individual's self-concept. 948 73

Among 98 schizophrenic patients consecutively admitted to day hospital during the period of one year, the presence of depressive syndrome diagnosed with the use of Calgary Depression Scale was established in 39% of patients. The intensity of depression was higher in the patients' than in the investigators' evaluation. After therapy at day hospital, which lasted 3.7 months on average, the repeated clinical evaluation showed significant decrease of all depressive symptoms as well as schizophrenia psychopathology. In 29% of patients there were no symptoms of depression at discharge from the day hospital. In 66%, the depressive symptoms which were most severe at admission, i.e. depressive mood, hopelessness and guilty ideas of reference, showed most distinct diminution after treatment.
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PMID:[Evaluation of depressive syndromes in the course of schizophrenia with the use of Calgary scale in patients from the inpatient hospital care]. 959 82


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