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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A double-blind, randomized, multicentre trial was carried out in 47 psychotic patients to evaluate the efficacy of oral treatment with loxapine compared with perphenazine. In total, 22 patients were included in diagnostic Group I (cases of acute schizophrenia and psychogenic (reactive) psychoses). The average maximum daily dose was 60.0 mg in the loxapine group and 36.8 mg in the perphenazine group. After 3-weeks' treatment, no significant differences were found between the two treatment groups according to the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale or side-effect records. Twenty-five patients were included in diagnostic Group II (cases of chronic schizophrenia). The average daily dosage was 81.1 mg in the loxapine group and 90.1 mg in the perphenazine group. After 10 to 12-weeks' treatment, no significant differences between the two treatment groups could be found according to BPRS, CGI scale, Nurses' Observation Scale for In-patient Evaluation (NOSIE) or side-effect records. The diastolic blood pressure (lying and standing) tended to increase slightly in both treatment groups. In conclusion, it was found that loxapine and perphenazine seemed to be equally effective and, based on experience with parenteral loxapine treatment, it is suggested that further investigation of oral loxapine should be carried out in psychotic patients in whom agitation is a feature.
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PMID:Loxapine versus perphenazine in psychotic patients. A double-blind, randomized, multicentre trial. 36 45

The paper is related to an analysis of the diurnal rhythm of mood in 87 adolescents suffering from circular schizophrenia. The diurnal mood fluctuations, as in adults, were seen in most of the patients where the depression had a tendency towards an increase and decrease, as well as in cyclothymo-like phasic depressive disorders. The author describes a special diurnal rhythm of mood in profound depressive states with agitation and hysterical components.
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PMID:[Characteristics of the diurnal fluctuations of affect in depressions in adolescents with circular schizophrenia]. 56 57

During a 13-month period, 9 patients with phencyclidine-induced psychosis were admitted to Darnall Army Hospital. They exhibited hostility agitation, and tangentiality and had delusions of influence and religious grandiosity. Six subjects reported auditory hallucinations, and 4 were disoriented in at least 1 sphere. Despite treatment with antipsychotic medication, the psychotic episodes often persisted for more than 30 days. Our clinical finding of prolonged psychotic reactions, together with previous reports of the effects of phencyclidine, suggests that phenycyclidine provides an intriguing drug model for schizophrenia.
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PMID:Phencyclidine-induced psychosis. 69 30

The relationships between CSF monoamine metabolites (HVA and 5HIAA), nurses' ratings of clinical symptoms, and telemetered measures of motor movement of ten schizophrenic and ten depressed patients were investigated. There was a significant negative correlation between CSF 5HIAA and both agitation ratings and motor movement in the schizophrenics. CSF HVA correlated positively to anxiety and anger in the depressives. The schizophrenics had a significantly higher CSF HVA than the depressives which appeared unrelated to motor movement. The effects of serotonin turnover and arousal in schizophrenia and the association between CSF metabolite gradients, stress, motor movement, and biogenic amine levels in depression are discussed.
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PMID:CSF amine metabolites, clinical symptoms, and body movement in psychiatric patients. 96 33

This paper briefs a research on the influence of stressing environmental factors upon mental health conditions of university students. The study was undertaken at the Student Psychiatric Service, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Three equal periods are compared. The first is a normal one; the others are disorderly and riotous, up to the point of foreing the discontinuance of academic activities for several months. As compared with the period of academic stability, the rates of mental disturbances show a steep rise in the periods of agitation. Schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, all kinds of difficulties in interpersonal relations, and somatic disturbances, are sharply increased, whereas complaints of less severe disturbances, like transient situational disorders, level up or decrease. Another significant rise is registered in the use of drugs for therapeutic purposes. The study leads to the conclusion that stress due to environmental disorders or social upheavals is an important factor in the aethiology of severe mental disturbances.
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PMID:[University crisis and student psychiatric service]. 116 65

From a sample of 1,005 patients admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital in Aarhus for the first time during the period 1950-1959 and diagnosed as suffering from manic-depressive psychosis or endogenous depression (affective psychoses), a subsample of 104 manic-depressive patients with anancastic symptoms in the history was selected. The 104 probands were individually matched with 104 non-anancastic probands with affective psychoses. The study was designed as a follow-up study, and the patients who were still living were seen personally. In the search for factors which could be used to distinguish affective psychoses with anancastic symptoms from affective psychoses without these traits, the incidence of a number of psychopathological features was evaluated based on the case histories and the information given by the patients at the follow-up. There was no difference as far as atypical, schizophrenia-like symptoms were concerned between the anancastic probands and the controls. Manic and hypomanic features were more frequent among the controls, corresponding to a greater number of bipolar psychoses among them. At the same time, the controls showed a significant preponderance of decidedly psychotic symptoms such as disturbances of consciousness, delusions and delusion-like ideas and hallucinations. Furthermore, retardation was more frequent among the controls. There was no difference in the suicidal behaviour of the two groups. Symptoms which were more often met among the anancastic depressives were: anxiety, agitation, diurnal variation of mood and early awakening. Seasonal variation in symptomatology was also more frequent among the anancastic probands. The same held true for depersonalization. The anancastic probands showed a significant preponderance of anancastic premorbid personality features. A positive correlation was found between the number of anancastic personality features and the following symptoms: agitation, anxiety, diurnal fluctuation, seasonal variation, hypochondriacal attitude and depersonalization. On the other hand, objective retardation or flight of ideas showed a significant negative correlation. The pattern of the anancastic symptoms was rather uniform; aggressive obsessions, mostly in the form of suicidal and homicidal obsessions, were present in more than two thirds of the cases. The anancastic depressions were often less severe than non-anancastic depressions in that the latter were more often complicated by decidedly psychotic symptoms. It is possible to interpret the symptomatology of anancastic depressions as a pathoplastic influence of the anancastic personality, but it cannot be excluded that some of the symptoms like anxiety and agitation are linked to the presence of anancastic symptoms as such.
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PMID:The psychopathology of anancastic endogenous depression. 119 73

This report describes a patient with schizophrenia who developed episodes of ocular dystonia as a delayed side effect of neuroleptic medication. Each episode was preceded and accompanied by marked agitation, stereotypic behaviour and exacerbation of hallucinations. Both the psychotic and dystonic symptoms responded to anticholinergic medication. The theoretical and practical implications of this observation are discussed.
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PMID:Psychotic symptoms preceding ocular deviation in a patient with tardive oculogyric crises. 136 53

Suicide has been associated traditionally with major depression, alcoholism, and schizophrenia and in the past several years with alcoholism and comorbid depression. More recently, however, panic disorder has been linked with suicide attempts, and the importance of severe anxiety symptoms (panic attacks, psychic anxiety, and agitation) as possible predictors of suicide risk in patients with major affective disorder has been studied. The author discusses data sets from three such studies: (1) the Clinical Studies of the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression, (2) a study on 17-hydroxycorticosteroid concentrations in inpatients with major affective disorder, and (3) a study on inpatient suicides. The author concludes by suggesting that anxiety, which is readily treatable, may in fact be one of the most clinically important symptoms in depressive disorders.
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PMID:Suicide risk factors in depressive disorders and in panic disorder. 154 56

Levomepromazine (LMP) unexpectedly improved 16 of 23 chronic treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients who were hospitalized in most cases for at least 2 years and who manifested positive symptoms, irritability and, in many cases, restlessness, hostility, uncooperativeness, poor concentration and aggressive behavior. Improvement led to discharge in 7 (6 to a foster home), placement on a waiting list for a foster home in 4 and improved behavior and autonomy in 5 patients. Five subjects developed seizures and 1 agranulocytosis. Whether improvement with LMP is caused by unique antischizophrenic properties or by diminished liability to induce side effects such as akathisia, a formal controlled study of LMP in treatment-resistant schizophrenia is merited.
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PMID:Is levomepromazine a useful drug in treatment-resistant schizophrenia? 156 98

There is little information about hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis function in mania, particularly in mixed states. We therefore investigated HPA function and its relationship to clinical state in 19 hospitalized manic patients meeting Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Research Diagnostic Criteria for acute manic episodes, compared patients with and without a mixed presentation, and examined correlations between HPA activity and behavior. Data were available from 13-16 patients. Behavioral and biochemical analyses were conducted during a 15-d placebo period. Patients with mania had elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urinary free cortisol excretion compared with healthy subjects, and did not differ from depressed patients in any cortisol measures. Mixed manics had significantly higher morning plasma cortisol, postdexamethasone plasma cortisol and CSF cortisol than pure manics. Five of 7 mixed manics and 3 of 9 pure manics were dexamethasone suppression test (DST) nonsuppressors. Afternoon plasma cortisol and CSF cortisol correlated significantly with depressed mood; urinary free cortisol correlated with anxiety. None of the cortisol measures correlated with mania or agitation scores. These data suggest that increased cortisol secretion is a characteristic of the depressed state in mixed manics, although pure manics may also have increased DST nonsuppression.
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PMID:Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function in mixed and pure mania. 159 60


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