Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The neuroleptic effect and tolerability of roxindole (EMD 49,980), an agonist of the dopamine-D2 autoreceptor, was studied during a 4 week treatment period in 7 patients with paranoid-hallucinatory schizophrenia (ICD-9: 295.3). In patients with a daily dosage of up to 4.5 mg/day, there was no improvement as measured with the total score of the BPRS scale. In contrast, patients with a daily dosage of up to 30 mg/day showed a slight improvement, especially in items associated with negative symptoms. In 3 patients there were slight adverse events (dizziness, hypersalivation, hypotonia, nausea/vomiting, miction disturbance) which were probably connected with the intake of roxindole.
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PMID:Early clinical results with the neuroleptic roxindole (EMD 49,980) in the treatment of schizophrenia--an open study. 135 88

The authors describe current theoretical and clinical conceptualizations and treatment of anorexia nervosa in Russia, based on their experience in the follow-up of 800 patients. Three-quarters of the patients exhibited anorexia nervosa linked with a border-line state, and one-quarter associated with schizophrenia. Different relationships to dysmorphophobic fears were observed in the different anorexic groups. In the border-line group, follow-up study indicated that the clinical symptoms of anorexia nervosa were significantly reduced. However, the disorder preserved its connection with dysmorphophobic fears even in the remote stages of the disease, and in later stages there was an occurrence of pathological personality changes. In the second group, from the very beginning, anorexia nervosa in schizophrenia was closely connected with affective disorders, pathological body sensations, hypochondriacal complaints, and a gradual personality deterioration. As the schizophrenic defect increased, anorexia nervosa was reduced to an exhausted form of vomiting behaviour, and lost its connection with dysmorphophobic experiences.
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PMID:Anorexia nervosa as manifested in Russia. 142 17

Ondansetron hydrochloride dihydrate is a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3) antagonist that was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism of action is thought to be due to competitive inhibition of specific serotonin receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. In clinical trials with cisplatin-induced emesis, ondansetron resulted in complete control of vomiting (0-2 episodes) in 55-87% of patients during the first 24 hours of chemotherapy administration. It was significantly more effective than metoclopramide in comparative trials. Ondansetron is also being investigated for the treatment of radiation- and anesthesia-associated nausea and vomiting. Studies in animals demonstrate potential efficacy in the treatment of anxiety, drug withdrawal, and schizophrenia. The drug is generally well tolerated, with no reported extrapyramidal reactions.
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PMID:Parenteral ondansetron for the treatment of chemotherapy- and radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. 153 80

Antagonists of 5HT3 receptors are clinically effective in treating nausea and emesis associated with certain oncolytic drugs, including cisplatin. Moreover, these agents may be useful in pharmacological management of several central nervous system disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, dementia, and substance abuse. Our studies on aroyltropanamides led to the discovery that dihydrobenzofuranyl esters and amides are potent 5HT3 receptor antagonists. Simple benzoyl derivatives of tropine and 3 alpha-aminotropane possessed weak 5HT3 receptor antagonist activity, as judged by blockade of bradycardia produced by iv injection of serotonin (5HT) to anesthetized rats. Within this series, use of benzofuran-7-carboxamide as the aroyl moiety led to a substantial increase of 5HT3 receptor affinity. The optimal 5HT3 receptor antagonist identified via extensive SAR studies was endo-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-N-(8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oc t- 3-yl)-7-benzofurancarboxamide (Z)-2-butenedioate (zatosetron maleate). The 7-carbamyl regiochemistry, dimethyl substitution, chloro substituent, and endo stereochemistry were all crucial elements of the SAR. Zatosetron maleate was a potent antagonist of 5HT-induced bradycardia in rats (ED50 = 0.86 micrograms/kg i.v.). Low oral doses of zatosetron (30 micrograms/kg) produced long-lasting antagonism of 5HT3 receptors, as evidenced by blockade of 5HT-induced bradycardia for longer than 6 h in rats. Moreover, this compound did not produce hemodynamic effects after i.v. administration to rats, nor did it block carbamylcholine-induced bradycardia in doses that markedly blocked 5HT3 receptors. Thus, zatosetron is a potent, selective, orally effective 5HT3 receptor antagonist with a long duration of action in rats.
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PMID:Zatosetron, a potent, selective, and long-acting 5HT3 receptor antagonist: synthesis and structure-activity relationships. 173 48

As most diet therapy texts provide little information about psychiatric illnesses and their treatment, this article is intended as a brief introduction for dietitians. Several psychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse, may adversely affect food intake and nutritional status. The drugs used to treat those disorders similarly have effects on appetite and gastrointestinal function and interact with food and nutrients. Antipsychotics, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) cause dry mouth, constipation, and weight gain. Lithium may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, polydipsia, and weight gain. MAOIs have well-known interactions with foods containing tyramine. Lithium interacts with dietary sodium and caffeine; decreasing dietary intakes of those substances may produce lithium toxicity. Despite claims to the contrary, major psychiatric illnesses cannot be cured by nutritional therapies alone. Dietitians can, however, play an important role as part of a multidisciplinary team in the treatment of patients with psychiatric illness. Such a role includes nutrition assessment and monitoring, nutrition interventions, patient and staff education, and some forms of psychotherapy, including supportive and behavioral therapies for patients with eating disorders.
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PMID:Nutritional aspects of psychiatric disorders. 267 98

Terguride is an ergoline derivative with mixed agonistic/antagonistic dopaminergic activity. This led to a paradoxical suggestion that it is effective in the treatment of both schizophrenia and parkinsonism. A total of 65 in- or outpatients with parkinsonism mostly of vascular or idiopathic etiology were included in a 4-week, open, multicenter trial. Terguride was administered under an increasing dose schedule which was leveled off according to the clinical response. Mostly because of nausea, vomiting, and lack of improvement 25% of inpatients and 61% of outpatients were removed from the study. The average daily dose at the end of the trial was 4.2 mg, ranging from 1.0 to 5.5 mg. The average Simpson and Angus scale total score and performance in the Spiral Drawing Task improved significantly during the trial by 20% and 38% respectively. The following adverse effects were noted most frequently throughout the study (including those who withdrew): constipation (occurred in 42% of all ratings performed during the trial) drowsiness and nausea (16% each). Adverse circulatory effects were negligible. Psychotic symptoms, including depression, confusion, hallucinations, and paranoid syndrome, each occurred in 1 patient, i.e., at a lower rate than with other dopaminergic drugs. Scotopic electroretinograms in a subsample of 7 patients showed a significant transitory decrease in the B-wave amplitude at the end of the 1st week and a subsequent return to pretreatment values.
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PMID:Terguride in parkinsonism. A multicenter trial. 304 1

Detailed clinical and psychological experimental study of 103 schizophrenia patients with anorexia nervosa revealed its most characteristic correlations with a specific variant of the pathology of drive--bulimia bouts and induced vomiting. This variant of the pathology of drive appeared to be similar to narcomania.
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PMID:[A peculiar variant of drive pathology in schizophrenia with the anorexia nervosa syndrome]. 381 36

A patient with gout and schizophrenia is described who during a schizophrenic paroxysm with paranoid-hypochondriac-hallucinatory syndrome attempted to commit suicide and took 200 tablets milurit (20 g). He developed the picture of acute intoxication with nausea, vomiting, profuse diarrhea, abdominal pain, flushing, temperature, collapse manifestations, hepatomegaly, direct hyperbilirubinemia, elevated transaminase, leukopenia, accelerated ESR. After reanimation and infusion therapy, the patient recovered within 4 days and 2 weeks later all blood indices reached the limits of the norm.
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PMID:[Acute allopurinol (milurit) poisoning]. 402 4

Metoclopramide is a widely used anti-emetic drug with potent dopamine-blocking effects on brain structures involved in emesis and prolactin secretion but it is apparently devoid of therapeutic effect in schizophrenia, thus calling into question the supposed role of dopamine blockade in the action of antischizophrenic drugs. This investigation compared the depression of hypothalamic self-stimulation produced by metoclopramide and by a 'typical' neuroleptic, spiroperidol (spiperone), when injected by different routes. Metoclopramide was found to9 be nearly 30 times more potent when administered directly into the brain via the cerebral ventricles than when injected intraperitoneally; on the other hand the potency of spiroperidol was virtually unaffected by the route of administration. The blood-brain barrier is known to be absent from brain sites controlling emesis and prolactin secretion; thus the potency of metoclopramide as an anti-emetic and in releasing prolactin, and its relative ineffectiveness as an antipsychotic can be accounted for by a failure to enter the brain freely except at privileged sites. Thus its anomalous properties are not necessarily inconsistent with the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Selective permeation of the blood-brain barrier as a cause of the anomalous properties of 'atypical'neuroleptics. 610 75

Recently, anorexia nervosa has received much attention in the scientific and lay press. As a result there is a danger that the other emotional disorders that can present with weight loss and vomiting will be overlooked. Case examples are presented for anorexia nervosa, conversion disorder, schizophrenia and depression. The presentation and treatment of these four disorders are compared.
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PMID:Differential diagnosis of emotional disorders that cause weight loss. 636 16


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