Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Craniocerebral hypothermia was employed in multimodality treatment of 10 patients with hypertoxic schizophrenia and 60 patients with intoxication psychoses, the clinical picture of which was characterized by increasing hypoxia and edema-swelling of the brain. Hypothermia was made to a cerebral temperature of 28-30 degrees C for 4-6 hours in the presence of the neurovegetative blockade. The data obtained attest to a high therapeutic efficacy of craniocerebral hypothermia.
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PMID:[Use of cranio-cerebral hypothermia among the complex resuscitation measures in mental disorders]. 164 94

Different ergot structures (lumilysergol and lysergol) were chlorinated or brominated in the position 2, and the development of antidopaminergic activity was studied. The tested 2-halo-lysergols exerted neuroleptic-like action indicated by the suppression of conditioned avoidance response (CAR), and other effects characteristic of dopamine antagonists (cataleptogenic effect, prevention of amphetamine-induced toxicity, inhibition of L-DOPA-induced hyperactivity, lowering of spontaneous body temperature, antagonism of apomorphine-induced hypothermia). A second halogen substitution in the position 8 of the lysergol structure left the CAR suppression activity untouched, but abolished other dopamine antagonistic effects. This unique psychopharmacological profile refers to potential usefulness of the compounds in schizophrenia, and at the same time perhaps in particular forms of Parkinson's disease or tardive dyskinesia.
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PMID:Substituted ergolines: potential antipsychotics with unique profile. I. Psychopharmacological characterization. 290 63

A case of autohemicastration in a 19-year-old patient with schizophrenia is reported. Orthotopic replantation of the testis under local hypothermia was performed. One pair of arterial, two pairs of venous vessels and vas deferens ends were anastomosed micro-surgically end-to-end. Surgical reinnervation of the testis was carried out. Peculiarities the operation technique, expediency of local hypothermia and surgical reinnervation of the testis in replantation are discussed.
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PMID:A case of successful replantation of testis after autohemicastration. 365 70

1. There are some remarkable analogies between neoplastic growth of tissue cells and other pathological events such as functional alterations of the central nervous system resulting in schizophrenic behaviour. 2. Body tissues in general and the central nervous system in particular are highly cooperative systems which can undergo state transitions at critical points. 3. Circadian rhythms may be regarded as giant fluctuations near a critical point. 4. Temperature shifts and changes of other environmental conditions can induce reversible state transitions whose occurrence is indeterminate but whose progress, once they have occurred, is inevitable. 5. Hypothermia may be a useful form of treatment of illnesses such as cancer, that can be reversed, since it is a mean of bringing a system back to its equilibrium. 6. If we assume that characters such as vitamin dependency are gentically transmitted we may envisage that homozygotes for that character have a phenotypic expression which may lead to high probabilities of developing schizophrenia and cancer at two different ages as a result of environment-dependent phase transitions.
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PMID:Hypothesis on illnesses depending on state transition in cooperative systems: relevance to cancer and schizophrenia. 743 46

The first indication that histamine might be important in the functioning of the brain was the finding that the centrally penetrating histamine H1 antagonists had marked sedative properties. Subsequently with the development of more specific compounds and drugs for the H1, H2 and H3 receptors a greater understanding of the neurotransmitter/modulator role of histamine in the CNS has been possible. Histamine is now associated with wakefulness, suppression of seizures, hypothermia and emesis. The histamine H1 antagonists have been shown to potentiate opioid-induced analgesia, and modify eating and drinking patterns as well as endocrine secretions from the pituitary gland. Additionally, clinically useful antidepressants have been shown to inhibit histamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from the mammalian brain. Recently, a possible role for both histamine H1 and H2 receptors in schizophrenia has been reported. As more specific and centrally-penetrating histaminergic compounds are developed, so the roles of histamine as a neurotransmitter/modulator in the brain will be better understood.
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PMID:Histaminergic drugs as modulators of CNS function. 873 45

Amisulpride, a benzamide derivative, is an antipsychotic drug with a pharmacological profile distinct from that of classical neuroleptics such as haloperidol and from that of another benzamide, remoxipride. In mice, amisulpride antagonized hypothermia induced by apomorphine, quinpirole or (+/-) 7-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin, an effect involving D2/D3 receptors, at similar doses (ED50 approximately 2 mg/kg i.p.), which were much lower than doses that blocked apomorphine-induced climbing, an effect involving postsynaptic D2 and D1 receptor activation (ED50 = 21 mg/kg i.p.). Much higher doses (ED50 = 54 mg/kg i.p.) of amisulpride were needed to block grooming behavior observed after a short period in water, a D1 receptor-mediated behavior. In rats, amisulpride preferentially inhibited effects produced by low doses of apomorphine (hypomotility and yawning), related to stimulation of presynaptic D2/D3 dopamine autoreceptors (ED50 = 0.3 and 0.19 mg/kg i.p.). By contrast, amisulpride antagonized apomorphine-induced hypermotility, a postsynaptic dopamine receptor-mediated effect, at a much higher dose (ED50 = 30 mg/kg i.p.). Amisulpride (100 mg/kg i.p.) only partially inhibited apomorphine-induced stereotypies (gnawing) and had no effect on stereotypies induced by d-amphetamine. However, d-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity was antagonized by doses of amisulpride as low as 3 mg/kg i.p., which may indicate selectivity of this drug for limbic dopaminergic mechanisms. In addition, in contrast to haloperidol or remoxipride, which produced catalepsy at doses 2 or 3 times higher than those that antagonized stereotypies induced by apomorphine, amisulpride did not induce catalepsy up to a dose of 100 mg/kg i.p., which occupies 80% of striatal D2 receptors. This pharmacological profile of amisulpride, characterized by a preferential blockade of effects involving presynaptic mechanisms and limbic structures, may explain the clinical efficacy of this drug against both negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia and its low propensity to produce extrapyramidal side effects.
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PMID:Psychopharmacological profile of amisulpride: an antipsychotic drug with presynaptic D2/D3 dopamine receptor antagonist activity and limbic selectivity. 899 84

Amisulpride is a benzamide derivative with a unique neurochemical and psychopharmacological profile. This compound has selective affinity for human dopamine D3 and D2 receptor subtypes in vitro (binding constant, K approximately 3 nmol/l) and blocks functional responses mediated by these receptors. In ex vivo binding studies, amisulpride is twice as selective for D3 as for D2 receptors. At low doses, it preferentially blocks presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors (increase in dopamine release in vivo in the rat olfactory tubercle, 50% effective dose, ED50 3.7 mg/kg), while postsynaptic dopamine receptor antagonism is apparent at higher doses (decrease in striatal acetylcholine levels, ED50 approximately 60 mg/kg). Anisulpride preferentially stimulates dopamine synthesis and displaces 3H-raclopride binding in vivo in the limbic system rather than the striatum. It antagonizes apomorphine-induced hypothermia in mice and amphetamine-induced hypermotility in rats at low doses (ED50 2-3 mg/kg), blocks apomorphine-induced climbing and spontaneous grooming in mice, blocks apomorphine-induced gnawing in rats at higher doses (ED50 19-115 mg/kg) and does not induce catalepsy at 100 mg/kg. The preferential antagonism by amisulpride of presynaptic D2/D3 receptors is reflected behaviourally in the potent blockade of apomorphine-induced effects mediated by dopamine autoreceptors (yawning and hypomotility: ED50 0.2 and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) compared with those medicated by postsynaptic D2 receptors (e.g. gnawing: ED50 115 mg/kg). Moreover, low doses of amisulpride induce prohedonic (potentiation of food-induced place preference) effects in rats. The atypical neurochemical and psychopharmacological profiles of amisulpride may explain its therapeutic efficacy on both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Amisulpride: from animal pharmacology to therapeutic action. 921 65

The study objectives were to examine the effects of the atypical antipsychotic drugs olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine on core temperature in the rat in relation to such effects produced by clozapine and to compare possible in vivo intrinsic efficacy of olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine at dopamine (DA) D(1) receptors with such effects previously shown for clozapine. Core temperature measurements were made in adult male Wistar rats maintained under standard laboratory conditions using a reversed 12-h daylight cycle. Clozapine (0-32 micromol/kg s.c.), olanzapine (0-32 micromol/kg s.c.), and risperidone (0-4 micromol/kg s.c.) all produced a dose-dependent hypothermia. Except for slight nondose-dependent hyperthermia, there were no effects of quetiapine (0-16 micromol/kg s.c. or i.p.) on the core temperature. The hypothermia produced by clozapine, but not that produced by equipotent doses of olanzapine or risperidone, was fully antagonized by pretreatment with the DA D(1) receptor antagonist SCH-23,390 (0.1 micromol/kg s.c.). On the other hand, quinpirole-induced hypothermia (4 micromol/kg s.c.) was partially antagonized by olanzapine (2 micromol/kg s.c.), risperidone (4 micromol/kg s.c.), and quetiapine (16 micromol/kg s.c.) but not by clozapine (1 micromol/kg s.c.). Clozapine preferentially stimulates DA D(1) receptors in comparison with olanzapine and risperidone, whereas olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine preferentially block DA D(2) receptors compared with clozapine. It is suggested that stimulation of DA D(1) receptors, presumably in the prefrontal cortex, is a distinguishing feature of clozapine responsible for its favorable profile on cognitive functioning in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Atypical antipsychotics and dopamine D(1) receptor agonism: an in vivo experimental study using core temperature measurements in the rat. 1064 Mar 12

Atypical antipsychotic induced hypothermia is a rare adverse effect that may present with mild to severe symptoms. This is a case report of subtle, mild hypothermia in a 54-year old female patient receiving risperidone for schizophrenia. A mild decrease in the temperature (33.4-34.7 degrees C) along with delusions and feeling slightly chilly was part of the initial presentation. The diagnosis of hypothermia was delayed until it was apparent for several days but resolved with the discontinuation of risperidone and continuation of clozapine. Evaluation of hypothermia with psychiatric patients should include primary accidental hypothermia, central nervous system disorders, metabolic disorders, infections, and medications.
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PMID:Atypical antipsychotic induced mild hypothermia. 1262 56

Dopamine constitutes about 80% of the content of central catecholamines and has a crucial role in the etiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, depression and schizophrenia. Several dopaminergic drugs are used to treat these pathologies, but many problems are attributed to these therapies. Within this context, the search for new more efficient dopaminergic agents with less adverse effects represents a vast research field. The aim of the present study was to report the structural design of two N-phenylpiperazine derivatives, compound 4: 1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-4-pyrazolylmethyl]-4-phenylhexahydropyrazine and compound 5: 1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylmethyl]-4-phenylhexahydropyrazine, planned to be dopamine ligands, and their dopaminergic action profile. The two compounds were assayed (dose range of 15-40 mg/kg) in three experimental models: 1) blockade of amphetamine (30 mg/kg, ip)-induced stereotypy in rats; 2) the catalepsy test in mice, and 3) apomorphine (1 mg/kg, ip)-induced hypothermia in mice. Both derivatives induced cataleptic behavior (40 mg/kg, ip) and a hypothermic response (30 mg/kg, ip) which was not prevented by haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, ip). Compound 5 (30 mg/kg, ip) also presented a synergistic hypothermic effect with apomorphine (1 mg/kg, ip). Only compound 4 (30 mg/kg, ip) significantly blocked the amphetamine-induced stereotypy in rats. The N-phenylpiperazine derivatives 4 and 5 seem to have a peculiar profile of action on dopaminergic functions. On the basis of the results of catalepsy and amphetamine-induced stereotypy, the compounds demonstrated an inhibitory effect on dopaminergic behaviors. However, their hypothermic effect is compatible with the stimulation of dopaminergic function which seems not to be mediated by D2/D3 receptors.
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PMID:Dopaminergic profile of new heterocyclic N-phenylpiperazine derivatives. 1271 82


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