Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A young patient suffering from schizophrenia had intense headaches and photophobia which were induced by intra-ocular injections of mercury. The clinical diagnosis was established once foreign bodies were visualized on regular X-rays of the patients skull. The mercury intoxication in combination with the secondary irreversible lesions to the eyes necessitated a bilateral enucleation and the use of a chelating treatment with sodium-dimercapto-1-propane sulfate (DMP). Automutilation is a very rare and dramatic complication of schizophrenia. The psychiatric handling and meaning of such dramatic automutilation is discussed in this case report together with a recent review of the toxicologic treatment of mercury intoxication in humans.
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PMID:[Voluntary mercury poisoning: biological consequences and psychiatric significance]. 928 93

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, dosage and administration, and cost of olanzapine are reviewed. Olanzapine is a serotonin-dopamine-receptor antagonist indicated for use in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The affinity of olanzapine for neuroreceptors is similar to that of clozapine. The drug is well absorbed from the GI tract; food has no effect. Olanzapine is more effective than placebo and equal to haloperidol in reducing psychotic symptoms on two rating scales. However, unlike typical dopamine-receptor antagonists used for antipsychotic therapy, olanzapine is more effective in reducing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The most frequent adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with olanzapine are somnolence, agitation, insomnia, and headache. Constipation and dry mouth occur as dose-dependent ADRs. Unlike clozapine, olanzapine does not cause agranulocytosis. No cases of tardive dyskinesia or neuroleptic malignant syndrome have been reported. Olanzapine has been associated with slight increases in hepatic transaminases. More study is needed to determine whether olanzapine interacts significantly with other drugs. The recommended starting dosage is 5-10 mg orally once daily. Efficacy beyond six weeks has not been evaluated; patients treated for longer than six weeks should be periodically reassessed. Olanzapine costs about 10 times more than typical antipsychotics because a generic version is not available; however, olanzapine costs less than clozapine therapy and may cost less than haloperidol in terms of total health care costs. Olanzapine offers an effective alternative for treating schizophrenia and has a favorable adverse-effect profile.
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PMID:Olanzapine: a serotonin-dopamine-receptor antagonist for antipsychotic therapy. 1047 99

The authors prospectively assessed symptoms induced by the interruption of antidepressants in 16 patients (11 women and 5 men), aged from 33 to 85 years (mean = 52.4 +/- 16.4), treated with antidepressants since at least two weeks. All patients were free of alcohol abuse or dependence disorder and of other dependence to psychoactive substances. None of them presented medical illness. Diagnosis were made by separate evaluations by two authors and confirmed with a semistructered assessment instrument: the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (Lifetime Version). All patients were submitted to a brutal discontinuation of their antidepressant agent. Patients were assessed twice, before the interruption of the antidepressant, and 72 hours later. Effects of antidepressant interruption were assessed by several means. Modification of anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Symptoms of withdrawal were assessed with Cassano and al.'s scale SESSH including an evaluation of anxiety, agitation, irritability, anergy, difficulty on concentrating, depersonalization, sleep and appetite disorders, muscle pains, nausea, tremor, sweating, altered taste, hyperosmia, paresthesias, photophobia, motor incoordination, dizziness, hyperacousia pain, delirium. Fourteen of the 16 patients (87.5%) presented modifications of their somatic or psychic state 3 days after the interruption of the antidepressant treatment. Most frequent symptoms were: increase in anxiety (31%), increase in irritability (25%), sleep disorders (19%), decrease of anergia and fatigue (19%). Mean scores of anxiety and depression were not significantly modified by the withdrawal. Following TCAs interruption (7 patients) most frequent symptoms were sleep disorders; increase in anxiety, nausea. Among patients withdrawn from SSRIs (6 patients), most frequent symptoms were increase in anxiety, increase in irritability, headache. Patients also presented a decrease of nausea, and of anorexia.
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PMID:[Prospective evaluation of antidepressant discontinuation]. 969 14

Single photon emission computed tomography with technetium-99m-d,l-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) was used to assess regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during both florid and remitted stages of schizophrenia. Forty schizophrenic patients in an active phase of illness (diagnosis by DSM-III-R) were examined in two clinical states (ill vs. improved). At study entry, 24 patients were drug-naive, five were currently drug-free, and 11 were being treated with antipsychotic medication. Twenty medical patients who suffered from non-specific headaches but were free of neurological and psychiatric symptoms served as control subjects. At initial examination during the active phase of illness, cerebral perfusion patterns in the schizophrenic patients were characterized by both hypofrontality and hypotemporality. After remission, hypofrontality was no longer apparent in two of four frontal regions, and hypotemporality disappeared completely. As assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), formal thought disorders, hallucinations, and ideas of grandiosity correlated with rCBF in the active phase of illness, but not after remission. In the remitted but not in the florid state, blunted affect, difficulties in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity, and stereotyped thoughts correlated with rCBF. Correlations of five symptoms with rCBF changed significantly from first to second examination. The present study suggests that correlations between single psychotic symptoms and rCBF differ significantly in florid vs. remitted phases of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Active and remitted schizophrenia: psychopathological and regional cerebral blood flow findings. 1032 Feb 8

The investigation of personality traits of patients suffering from migraine headache with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an important line of research, and differentiating syndromes in treating this disease is one of the characteristics of Chinese Medicine (CM). This study presents the MMPI-(Chinese edition) responses of 80 Chinese subjects with migraine and 40 non-headache healthy control subjects. Among them, migraine fire syndrome (MF) group consisted of 45 subjects (10 men, 35 women); migraine Qi stasis syndrome (MQ) group, 35 subjects (8 men, 27 women). The healthy control group was divided into healthy Qi stasis syndrome (HQ) group, 9 subjects (2 men, 7 women); and healthy normal (HN) group, 31 subjects (7 men, 24 women) according to CM diagnostic criteria. Statistical analysis was performed by pairs among four groups. The results revealed that both MF and MQ groups' MMPI profiles were significantly higher than that of the Normal (HN) group, and formed a 1.2.3.7 type slope. Profile deviation in the MQ group was slight, but in the MF group was serious and accompanied by a significant rising scores in F, paranoia (6), schizophrenia (8) and social introversion (0) subtests; HQ group's MMPI profile had a similar deviation as in the MQ group. The results suggest that CM migraine syndromes have an exact expression on MMPI profile, and that MMPI as an effective diagnostic method could be applied for CM syndrome discrimination. The "deviation of migraineurs' personality" may not be a special characteristic held only by migraineurs. The existence of different syndromes in migraine is one of the reasons that different scholars have reported different results on migraine by means of MMPI.
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PMID:MMPI manifestations of Chinese migraine syndromes: a control study. 1035 15

Various studies have indicated that chronic schizophrenic patients share a lower rate of headaches than the normal population. A questionnaire concerning the symptomatology of headache was administered to 108 schizophrenic patients in the chronic stage and to 100 normal subjects. The questions dealt with type, location, frequency, severity, and duration of headache, as well as with its accompanying phenomena. Both groups shared a high distribution of headache reports, and generally no significant differences were observed in the various parameters. It was found that schizophrenic patients tend to refrain from complaining about their headache, although they are capable of its precise description. No correlation was found between the type of headache and type of schizophrenia.
Cephalalgia 1999 Oct
PMID:Headache in schizophrenic patients: a controlled study. 1057 Jul 21

Research efforts to identify and understand the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar illness are limited by the inability to study neuronal tissue of living patients. An alternative to sampling brain tissue from living patients is to measure neuronal proteins found in cerebral spinal fluid. One such candidate protein is synaptosomal-associated protein 25kDa. Our hypothesis is that the level of this protein in cerebral spinal fluid may be a marker of neuronal pathology. Cerebral spinal fluid from headache, schizophrenic, bipolar, and control subjects was used to measure the SNAP-25 level by quantitative dot blotting. Schizophrenic subjects had significantly elevated levels of SNAP-25 as compared to headache and control subjects. However, there was no significant difference between the bipolar group and schizophrenic or control groups. This study reports on a potentially useful clinical marker in schizophrenia, and the presence of elevated cerebral spinal fluid SNAP-25 may indicate alterations in neuronal functioning.
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PMID:CSF SNAP-25 in schizophrenia and bipolar illness. A pilot study. 1063 77

This paper reports evidence for a possible "chromosome 13 syndrome," which includes panic disorder, kidney or bladder problems, serious headaches, thyroid problems (usually hypothyroid), and/or mitral valve prolapse (MVP). In the course of a genetic linkage study of panic disorder, we noted these medical conditions in individual family members. (We were blind to family relationships and marker data.) We hypothesized that there may exist a subgroup of panic families with these medical conditions, which for simplicity we called it the "syndrome." Subsequently we reclassified the families as with or without the "syndrome" and extended the phenotype for analysis to include the above medical conditions. All these classifications were also done before the analysis and blind to marker data. We then examined our linkage results, looking for significant differences between families with and without the "syndrome" (using several definitions of the "syndrome")-i.e., testing for genetic heterogeneity. When the families with and without bladder/kidney problems were separated from each other, one marker-D13S779 (ATA26D07)-yielded a lod score of over 3 in the families with bladder/kidney problems. This lod score went up to 4.2 in these families when we diagnosed any individual with any one of the "syndrome" conditions as affected. These results were statistically significant even after applying an extremely overconservative Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. We present these results in order to alert other investigators working on panic disorder, for replication. If replicated, one may hypothesize that a candidate gene for the syndrome should be expressed in CNS, kidney, gut, thyroid, etc. We also noted that two independent studies report recent linkage findings between schizophrenia and the same region on chromosome 13. No connection between schizophrenia and panic disorder has ever been reported. Finally, we suggest that genetic studies of psychiatric disorders might prove more fruitful if phenotypes were expanded to include possible manifestations of the disorder in medical (non-mental) symptoms. Am. J. Med. Genet.(Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:24-35, 2000.
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PMID:Potential panic disorder syndrome: clinical and genetic linkage evidence. 1068 48

This open-label clinical study was conducted for patients with schizophrenia in order to investigate the efficacy, safety and optimal dose of olanzapine. One hundred and fifty-six of the 159 enrolled patients were included in the analysis set. For the primary efficacy measure, the Final Global Improvement Rating (FGIR) score, 15.4% of patients had remarkable improvement, 58.3% of patients had moderate improvement or more, 79.5% of patients had slight improvement or more, and 10.3% of patients had increase in disease symptomatology (worsening). Results from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) in all individual items were improved from baseline. Olanzapine was effective not only against positive psychotic symptoms but also against negative symptoms. This was consistent with results from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). For the majority of patients, a dose range of 7.5-10.0mg/day, as a lower bound on the minimally effective dose, was suggested by the results of the dose to first response based on improvement in Global Improvement Rating (GIR) analyses. The ratio of olanzapine dose to equivalent haloperidol dose was estimated at 1.2 :1. The most commonly reported treatment-emergent signs and symptoms (TESS) occurring at a frequency of 10% or more were insomnia, weight increase, excitement, sleepiness, anxiety, malaise and dull headaches. There was a low incidence of extrapyramidal treatment-emergent signs and symptoms; the most commonly reported were akathisia (6.4%), tremor (5.8%) and muscle rigidity (2.6%).
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PMID:Olanzapine optimal dose: results of an open-label multicenter study in schizophrenic patients. Olanzapine Late-Phase II Study Group. 1099 65

The investigation of personality traits of migraineurs with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is important research, but so far has led to diverse conclusions. This study aimed to investigate the influences of treatment intervention on the personality of migraineurs. Twenty-three Chinese patients (5 men, 18 women) with migraine (2 with aura, 21 without aura) were given the Chinese edition of the MMPI, before and after treatment, and were compared with 30 nonheadache healthy control subjects (6 men, 24 women). Statistical analyses were made among the three groups. The results revealed that patients in the pretreatment group with migraine had significantly higher scores on subtests of neuroticism (hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria) and schizophrenia. After treatment, the scores on subtests of hysteria, psychasthenia, and schizophrenia were remarkably lower (P < .05); the MMPI profile of the posttreatment group was within the reference range, but the scores of the neurotic scales were still higher than those of the healthy control group (P < .01). These results suggest that after treatment, disturbances in thinking, sentiment, and behavior were eliminated, and anxiety symptoms remarkably reduced, but some "migraine personality" characteristics remained and could influence the long-term results of treatment to some extent. It is suggested that management of migraine should include psychological intervention.
Headache 1999 Sep
PMID:MMPI changes associated with therapeutic intervention: a migraine control study. 1127 75


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