Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sixty-one winter depressive patients were evaluated for evidence of bipolar illness. Using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version and the General Behavior Inventory, only nine (15%) could be considered bipolar. On prospective evaluation of patients during the summer following winter depression, few showed signs of manic or hypomanic symptoms. Also, few patients had a family history of bipolar illness. When patients were asked to evaluate symptoms of winter depression, lack of energy was found to be the most prominent feature of the syndrome.
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PMID:Is winter depression a bipolar disorder? 234 Jul 14

Ninety-five schizophrenic patients were assessed using the Present State Examination, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Negative and depressive symptoms were frequent, and significant relationships among negative symptom complexes and depressive syndromes were noted. Retardation, lack of energy, slowness, and other symptoms of depression were significantly associated with the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Depressed affect per se did not have a significant correlation with negative symptoms.
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PMID:Negative and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. 277 47

Verapamil, a papaverine calcium channel blocker, has been used effectively and safely in the treatment of angina pectoris and auricular arrhythmias, and more recently in the treatment of mania. Many antipsychotic drugs show calcium channel blocking effects similar to verapamil's. A 41 year old male schizophrenic, only partially responsive to haloperidol decanoate and oral haloperidol, was given increasing doses of verapamil concomitantly, and monitored clinically and by the BPRS, electrocardiogramme, and other laboratory measures. The patient's total BPRS score dropped from 79 to 41 and remained stable, after initial worsening at lower doses, at verapamil 80 mg po qid. Mild fatigue was the only side effect. Further investigation of verapamil in the treatment of schizophrenia is warranted.
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PMID:Verapamil in refractory schizophrenia: a case report. 362 27

Using a clinico-psychological approach, personality changes have been studied in 40 patients with attack-like schizophrenia presenting asthenic (n = 22) or sthenic (n = 18) types of remissions. The common regularities have been identified, namely personality alterations of a superficial level with the preservation of "the nucleus of personality". In an asthenic type of remission the defect is total and all the main components of the personality are involved. This variant of schizophrenic defect is distinguished by impairment of the motivational-stimulating component of mental activity without reduction in its other components (exhaustion, fatigue, etc.) characteristic of asthenic syndromes of other etiology. In a sthenic type of remission personality changes are partial.
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PMID:[Comparative clinico-psychological research on asthenic and sthenic remissions in attack-like schizophrenia]. 367 85

Eight neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenic patients were treated with ceruletide, a cholecystokinin-like peptide, in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Ceruletide or placebo was administered intramuscularly twice a day for 4 consecutive days while patients were maintained on a constant dose of fluphenazine. There were no changes in either the positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia between the periods of placebo and ceruletide administration. To further characterize ceruletide actions we also administered it to seven normal volunteers and evaluated its effects on cognition and mood. Volunteers were administered ceruletide (0.3 micrograms/kg or 0.6 micrograms/kg) or saline placebo intramuscularly. Ceruletide had no effects on recent or remote memory or attention, but the higher dose did cause a significant increase in fatigue. These results suggest that although CCK-like peptides lack antipsychotic or cognitive effects they do induce mild sedation. This sedation may be part of a "satiety-like" state induced by peripheral administration of CCK.
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PMID:The effects of cholecystokinin-like peptides in schizophrenics and normal human subjects. 389 99

Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 85 inpatients with current or recent episodes of major depressive disorders, diagnosed according to Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) as assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). Several biopsychiatric tests were run during the same week of investigation. Results indicate low levels of CSF somatostatin to be a state marker for episodes of depression characterized by sad appearance, feelings of tiredness, insomnia, and subjective inability to acknowledge any external precipitants for the depression. CSF somatostatin was negatively related to platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity; MAO activity appeared to account better for the degree of melancholic features than did somatostatin. The ratio between 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in CSF also correlated negatively with somatostatin. A positive relationship was noted between CSF xanthine and somatostatin. There was a highly significant curvilinear correlation between CSF somatostatin and serum TSH concentrations, but no correlations between CSF somatostatin and serum GH or prolactin, or with plasma cortisol before or after dexamethasone.
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PMID:Low levels of somatostatin in human CSF mark depressive episodes. 614 88

Schizophrenia and affective disorders selected according to the Feighner criteria can be differentiated on the basis of 40-year outcome. Within schizophrenia the presence of disorganized thoughts at the index admission was associated with poor outcome, whereas better outcome was associated with the presence of delusions or hallucinations. Within the affective disorders, bipolar patients with grandiose delusions or ideas showed a poor outcome; a better outcome was found in unipolar patients with complaints of fatiguability or tiredness at the time of the index admission.
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PMID:An evaluation of the Feighner criteria for schizophrenia and affective disorders using long-term outcome data. 726 70

This study compares the antipsychotic efficacy and the tolerability of risperidone and clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Patients were randomized to double-blind treatment with risperidone, 4 mg (N = 20), risperidone, 8 mg (N = 19), or clozapine, 400 mg (N = 20), daily for 28 days. Efficacy was assessed by improvement of psychotic symptoms, measured on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and Clinical Global Impression. The tolerability was assessed by the Simpson and Angus scale for extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), the Association for Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry (AMDP) scale for somatic side effects, spontaneous reports of adverse events, clinical laboratory assessments, and vital signs. All treatments reduced psychotic symptoms. The global tolerability was significantly better in the risperidone than in the clozapine-treated patients (p < 0.01). There were no differences between treatments on the AMDP scale. The most frequent spontaneously reported adverse effects were dizziness, fatigue, accommodation disturbance, and EPS in all treatment groups and increased salivation, mainly in the clozapine-treated patients. Although there were no changes in vital signs during risperidone treatment, clozapine was associated with a mean reduction in heart rate of 10 beats/minute. Risperidone tolerability at endpoint was classified as "very good" by 60 and 47% of patients treated with risperidone, 4 and 8 mg daily, respectively; the corresponding figure in clozapine-treated patients was 30%. The results suggest that risperidone is at least as effective as an antipsychotic as clozapine, providing a valuable new approach for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of risperidone versus clozapine in patients with chronic schizophrenia. 753 87

506 patients with schizophrenia, diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) criteria, were included in a long term treatment programme with remoxipride, a selective dopamine (D2)-receptor antagonist. This overview includes pooled data from all patients who have been treated long term with remoxipride in clinical trials, focusing on patients treated for more than 6 months (n = 283). Remoxipride was administered in daily doses of 75 to 600mg. The assessment tools were Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Simpson and Angus scale, Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS) for abnormal involuntary movements, adverse events/symptoms using a 26-item checklist, clinical chemistry, and haematology and cardiovascular investigations. The majority of patients had a long duration of illness (median 11 years). 67% of patients (340/506) withdrew from treatment before 12 months and 44% (223/506) stopped treatment before 6 months. The median BPRS total score decreased during the first 3 months from 23 to 12, and this level of improvement was maintained throughout the 12-month period. Treatment-emergent adverse events reported by more than 5% of the patients were insomnia, tiredness, drowsiness and tremor in the group treated for 6 to 12 months. No symptoms, including checklist extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), were reported by more than 5% of patients treated for 12 months. Low frequencies of EPS according to the Simpson and Angus scale were seen in patients treated for more than 6 months (n = 147). A small but statistically significant reduction of the mean total AIMS score from baseline to last rating was observed. There were infrequent changes in heart rate, resting diastolic blood pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG). Clinical chemistry and haematology data showed no evidence of clinically significant changes over time during the 12 months of treatment. Among 506 patients, 7 suicides and 7 suicide attempts occurred during the study period. Other serious adverse events were abnormal liver function test (2 cases), gastrointestinal, urinary retention, status epilepticus (psychotic polydipsia), granulocytopenia (1 each) and myocardial infarction (5 cases). Remoxipride is of potential value as a drug which is both effective and well tolerated in the long term management of patients with schizophrenia.
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PMID:Tolerability of remoxipride in the long term treatment of schizophrenia. An overview. 832 49

The authors prospectively assessed symptoms induced by the interruption of antidepressants in 16 patients (11 women and 5 men), aged from 33 to 85 years (mean = 52.4 +/- 16.4), treated with antidepressants since at least two weeks. All patients were free of alcohol abuse or dependence disorder and of other dependence to psychoactive substances. None of them presented medical illness. Diagnosis were made by separate evaluations by two authors and confirmed with a semistructered assessment instrument: the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (Lifetime Version). All patients were submitted to a brutal discontinuation of their antidepressant agent. Patients were assessed twice, before the interruption of the antidepressant, and 72 hours later. Effects of antidepressant interruption were assessed by several means. Modification of anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Symptoms of withdrawal were assessed with Cassano and al.'s scale SESSH including an evaluation of anxiety, agitation, irritability, anergy, difficulty on concentrating, depersonalization, sleep and appetite disorders, muscle pains, nausea, tremor, sweating, altered taste, hyperosmia, paresthesias, photophobia, motor incoordination, dizziness, hyperacousia pain, delirium. Fourteen of the 16 patients (87.5%) presented modifications of their somatic or psychic state 3 days after the interruption of the antidepressant treatment. Most frequent symptoms were: increase in anxiety (31%), increase in irritability (25%), sleep disorders (19%), decrease of anergia and fatigue (19%). Mean scores of anxiety and depression were not significantly modified by the withdrawal. Following TCAs interruption (7 patients) most frequent symptoms were sleep disorders; increase in anxiety, nausea. Among patients withdrawn from SSRIs (6 patients), most frequent symptoms were increase in anxiety, increase in irritability, headache. Patients also presented a decrease of nausea, and of anorexia.
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PMID:[Prospective evaluation of antidepressant discontinuation]. 969 14


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