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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Schizophrenia may be associated with increased prostaglandin synthesis in certain parts of the brain. This hypothesis is based on the following findings: (1) Catalepsy, which is the nearest equivalent in animals to human catatonia, develops in cats when prostaglandin E1 is injected into the cerebral ventricles and when during endotoxin or lipid A fever the prostaglandin E2 level in cisternal c.s.f. rises to high levels; however, when fever and prostaglandin level are brought down by non-steroid anti-pyretics which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, catalepsy disappears as well. (2) Febrile episodes are a genuine syndrome of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Possible association of schizophrenia with a disturbance in prostaglandin metabolism: a physiological hypothesis. 1 19

In an effort to establish correlations between abnormal behaviors characteristic of schizophrenia and simultaneous cerebral electrical activity, EEGs and electro-oculograms (EOGs) were continuously recorded for 2 to 24 hours by radiotelemetry from 40 patients with schizophrenia and 12 normal control subjects. Trained observers recorded specific behavior patterns permitting visual and computer analysis of EEG during hallucinations, stereotypy, catatonia, psychomotor blocking, and other characteristic manifestations of schizophrenia. Electroencephalographic abnormalities consisting of focal slow or spike activity over either temporal region were found in nearly half of the patients so recorded. In contrast to the EEG during ictal episodes of epilepsy, the abnormal wave forms of schizophrenic patients seldom coincided with episodes of blocking, stereotypy, or other abnormal behaviors. Increased extraocular activity or blinking were recorded in a majority of patients, but were not consistently associated with the abnormal behavior or perceptual events.
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PMID:Telemetered EEG-EOG during psychotic behaviors of schizophrenia. 3 32

Catatonia is often automatically assumed to be a subtype of schizophrenia. This paper proposes that it be considered as a syndrome with various possible causes. Physicians are advised to be aware of potentially serious organic illnesses which may underlie the catatonic syndrome.
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PMID:The catatonic syndrome. 5 26

1004 first degree relatives fo 150 schizoaffective patients (41 males, 109 females) were studied and a total morbidity risk of 29.6% of schizoaffective spectrum disorders were found. The relatives show an increased morbidity risk for schizophrenia (5.26%) and affective disorder (6.55%) with a high incidence of catatonia and unipolar depression; schizoaffective secondary cases were only found in 3%. There is no significant difference in morbidity between parents, siblings and children. The morbidity risk of neuroses is 5.3%, for personality disorders 7.2% and for suicides without spectrum diagnosis 1.8%. Off-spring of affected parents show a morbidity risk twice as high as that of off-spring of non-affected parents. The findings do not support the present concept of the ICD (International Classification of Disorders) of WHO, which subsumes schizoaffective disorders under the major rubric of schizophrenia. From a genetic viewpoint schizoaffective disorder takes an intermediate position between schizophrenia and affective disorders. None of the present hypotheses of the mode of inheritance is supported by the findings.
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PMID:Schizoaffective disorders. Results of a genetic investigation, I. 16 95

On the basis of the examination of patients with endogenic psychosis, indications were obtained that there are forms that mainly develop on a hereditary basis, and forms determined by psychosocial causes. In unsystematic schizophrenia the chief factors are hereditary, above all in periodic catatonia. On the other hand, there are a few indications of a hereditary genesis in systematic schizophrenia although it is just these forms that are distinguished by the severity of their course. By studying twins, cases of schizophrenia in infancy, and the circumstances of brothers and sisters, strong indications of psychosocial causes of systematic schizophrenia were found. Lack of contacts in the course of development appears to the determing factor. In motility psychosis, one of the cycloid psychoses, indications were found that excessive encouragement by other children can be a cause of overstrain and thus may be detrimental. The conclusions drawn are based on concrete findings obtained in a total of 1,114 cases and are for the most part statistically significant.
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PMID:[Hereditary and psychosocial causes of schizophrenia]. 54 94

Concrete findings indicate the possibility of preventing schizophrenia, but it cannot be too strongly emphasized that the findings only relate to certain forms of theillness. Schizophrenias running an insidiously progressive course could very seldom be obsserved in monozygotic twins. So these pairs provide evidence that forms with this course can be prevented. It is to be supposed that the close communication usually found in identical twins, prevents withdrawal from environment and in consequence prevents schizophrenia. This assumption seems to be confirmed by our observation in insidiously progressive childhood schizophrenias which accumulate in only children and sometimes break out already in early childhood while the infants, staying in a hospital or a home, are suffering lack of communication. So it seems possible to prevent these forms of schizophrenia when we succeed in providing a close contact of the child and the adolescent with an intimate friend who directs his thinking outwards and protects him from withdrawal. But, unfortunately, in cases with phasic course the provoking factors correlate with the factors preventing the insidiously progressive forms. However, in detail, not quite the same factors prevent the one forms as precipitate the others, so that we can avoid doing harm simultaneously when we succeed in doing good. Besides, we must take account of the fact that some schizophrenias running a remitting course, especially periodic catatonia, are of hereditary origin and cannot be prevent psychosocially.
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PMID:Can schizophrenic be prevented? Empirical results obtained by the examination of schizophrenic twins and schizophrenic children. 57 29

This paper summarizes the work of developing and analyzing a mathematical model of schizophrenia. First the psychological and physiological studies of patients with periodic catatonia made by R. R. Gjessing are briefly described. Then a mathematical model, which is based on Gjessing's work and consists of a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, is derived. Gjessing showed that there was a periodic change in the basal metabolic rate associated with a periodic change in the symptoms of catatonia. This suggests a study of the thyroid control system, and since the thyroid control system is a negative feedback system, previous engineering studies are followed and a system of ordinary differential equations is used as a model. The first such model was due to Danziger and Elmergreen, and their model and improvements of their model are described. Then the models are analyzed qualitatively and the mathematical results are interpreted medically. Solutions of the system of differential equations corresponding to a stable set of symptoms in the schizophrenic patients, solutions corresponding to periodic patterns of symptoms (periodic catatonia), and solutions corresponding to random or unpredictable patterns of symptoms are obtained. The model suggests that since certain parameters are varied, various types of solutions and hence various patterns of symptoms are obtained. There are a number of unresolved questions in this study, and these problems are discussed in detail as they arise.
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PMID:Biomathematical models of schizophrenia. 57 60

If it is desired to evaluate the products of artistic activity of subjects of endogenous psychosis, then new aspects arise from an attempt to find special forms of drawing and painting for special forms of endogenous psychosis instead of generally speaking of schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease. Some information has been obtained in this connection. Catatonic iterations can be seen to be reflected in pictures. Thought disorders in subjects of paraphrenia are often seen to be mirrored in products of artistic activity. The "disorder of speech" of subjects of cataphasia is sometimes reflected in a "disorder of the drawing or painting" produced. Expansive paraphrenia patients are fond of painting in order to give themselves airs. Happiness psychosis, because of the ecstatic emotions associated therewith, often involves a direct drive to do artistic work.
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PMID:[Art of patients with endogenous psychosis as an approach to differential diagnosis]. 72 32

Catatonia has generally been assumed by many physicians to be a subtype of schizophrenia. Numerous cases have been reported in the literature associating catatonia with other psychiatric and also medical illnesses. The present report describes a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) who presented in a catatonic state. A brief differential diagnosis of catatonia is also included.
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PMID:Catatonia and systemic lupus erythematosus. 90 61

Of 123 acutely ill patients with bipolar affective disease, 28% exhibited clinical signs of catatonia. We were unable to differentiate manics with catatonic signs from manics without catatonic signs with regard to demographic characteristics, psychopathology, and the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric illness in their first-degree relatives. Our sample was similar to previously studied groups of manics. Although generally held to be associated with schizophrenia and of poor prognostic import, catatonic signs did not predict a poor treatment response in our manic patients. These data support the growing body of evidence demonstrating that catatonic signs are nonspecific and may be highly prevalent among patients with bipolar affective disease.
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PMID:Catatonia. Prevalence and importance in the manic phase of manic-depressive illness. 91 Dec 21


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