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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Duration of a tachistoscopically presented dark dot was estimated by schizophrenics and alcoholics. The dot was preceded by the auditory warning signal of viariable duration of up to 9 seconds. The duration of the warning signal constituted foreperiod duration. Estimation was a monotonically increasing function of foreperiod duration for both schizophrenics and alcoholics when the probability distribution of foreperiods was constant. However, this monotonicity was eliminated when changes in foreperiod duration became infrequent. When intrusion of extraneous stimulus accompanied such infrequent changes, the effect of foreperiod duration on estimation of stimulus duration became curvilinear, with the maximum estimation at the mid-range. For alcoholics, the monotonically increasing effect of foreperiod duration was independent of relative frequency of foreperiod changes and intrusion of extraneous stimulus. Weakness and instability of time expectancy as characteristics unique to schizophrenia were demonstrated.
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PMID:Weakness and instability of time expectancy in schizophrenia. 64 Nov 79

The clinico-follow-up study of 90 patients with recurrent schizophrenia with an early onset (up to 20 years) permitted to depict peculiarities of the clinical picture and the course at a remote period of the disease depending upon the clinical manifestations of the previous stage and the degree of the progressiveness. An analysis of the clinical material has demonstrated that periodic schizophrenic with an early onset contains, as well as in adults, various variants of the course that differ in the degree of progressiveness (mild cyclothimuc, reduced, "cliche" and complicated states) which most likely condition a different level of "outcome": from the mild ones on the level of psychic asthenia up to more expressed in the form of personality autization of a different degree. The stated negative symptomatology was determined on the background of asthenical remission of a combined character (affective and asthenical disorders).
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PMID:[Clinical picture and course of early recurrent schizophrenia at a late stage of the disease]. 89 72

Initial schizophrenia was observed in 15 out of 93 out-patients being treated for cephalea in a Regional Neuropsychiatrical Department. Certain abnormal phenomena in the field of consciousness and body sensations are typical of coenasthetic schizophrenia, with vital asthenia and vegetative symptoms. Cephaleas and head dysaesthesias are reported. There is no doubt that coenaesthetic schizophrenia has many points in common with latent schizophrenia; on the other hand it is also closely linked to hypochondriac depression, the syndrome of endogenous juvenile failure, certain latent depressions, hypochondriac euphoria, vegetative and endoreactive dysthmia and pseudoneurotic schizophrenia. Personal studies of stress responses in schizophrenia, and pneumoencephalographic examinations and EEG data in the active stage suggest diencephalic alteration. For diagnostic and initially therapeutic purposes, every patient with cephalea should be examined thoroughly by the psychiatrist; in this way the number of schizophrenias identified and treated will be considerably increased.
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PMID:[Headache as initial symptom of schizophrenic disease]. 93 51

The authors report preliminary clinical investigations about sultopride, a new substituted benzamid, related to sulpiride. The drug was administered to thirty-nine hospitalized psychotic patients. A very powerful and constant efficacy of sultopride was observed in 11 manic and hypomanic typical syndroms: excitation was controlled between the first and third day, with oral doses of 1,200-1,800 mg. But thymical inversion was observed in 8 cases (3 light anxious states and 5 typical melancholic syndroms). Besides, interesting improvements were obtained in atypical excitation disorders, chronic hallucinatory delusions, acute oniric and confusional states, schizophrenia and chronic alcoholism. Side-effects were frequent: extrapyramidal syndroms, often requiring antiparkinsonian correctors, somnolence, asthenia, and above all (in 30 percent of cases) psychical side-effects, consisting in depressive and anxious modifications of mood, even apart from manic-melancholic psychosis. This psychotropic depressive effect appears as very interesting theoretically, and justifies further enquiry.
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PMID:[Situation of sultopride among present-day neuroleptics]. 109 44

The article deals with the typology of asthenic disturbances that determine for a long time the clinical picture of slowly progressive schizophrenia. Two types of asthenia (extensive and limited) have been identified as a result. With regard to clinical peculiarities these manifestations can be collated respectively with "pseudoneurasthenia" and "autochtonous asthenia". The author has analyzed the dynamics of these variants of the asthenic symptom complex to which, with the progression of the process, disturbances of the non-delirious hypochondria type are added. The author has established the relationship between clinical features of asthenia and the degree of progression of the process and a differing structure of negative changes formed at late stages of the disease. The first type (extensive asthenia) is observed in the framework of slowly progressive neurosis-like schizophrenia with manifestations of a moderate asthenic defect. The second type (limited asthenia) is noted in psychopathy-like slowly progressive schizophrenia associated with signs of greater progression and psychopathy-like changes of the "verschoben-type" with intellectual reduction.
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PMID:[Torpid schizophrenia with a predominance of asthenic disorders]. 290 Nov 79

Olanzapine is a potential new "atypical" antipsychotic agent. The double-blind acute phase of this study compared three dosage ranges of olanzapine (5 +/- 2.5 mg/day [Olz-L], 10 +/- 2.5 mg/day [Olz-M], 15 +/- 2.5 mg/day [Olz-H]) to a dosage range of haloperidol (15 +/- 5 mg/day [Hal]) and to placebo in the treatment of 335 patients who met the DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia. In overall symptomatology improvement (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale [BPRS]-total), Olz-M, Olz-H, and Hal were significantly superior to placebo. In positive symptom improvement (BPRS-positive), Olz-M, Olz-H, and Hal were comparable and significantly superior to placebo. In negative symptom improvement (Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms [SANS]-composite), Olz-L and Olz-H were significantly superior to placebo and Olz-H was also significantly superior to Hal. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events included somnolence, agitation, asthenia, and nervousness. No acute dystonia was observed with olanzapine. Treatment-emergent parkinsonism occurred with Olz-H at approximately one-third the rate of Hal, and akathisia occurred with Olz-H at approximately one-half the rate of Hal. Prolactin elevations associated with olanzapine were not significantly greater than those observed with placebo and were also significantly less than those seen with haloperidol.
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PMID:Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol: acute phase results of the North American double-blind olanzapine trial. 2654 64

The study aims at clinical characteristics of obsessive-phobic disorders (OPD) in schizophrenia with regard to their modification in main disease development and interaction with basic schizophrenia symptoms (positive and negative). Eighteen patients, mean age 28.2 years, were examined. An affinity degree of schizophrenia to OPD was found to be associated with endogenous progressive process. In slowly progressive schizophrenia, an affinity is selective, concerning to one of the obsessive phobic syndrome component (phobic component proper or avoidance behavior) and realizing in either positive, or negative manifestation of schizophrenia. Two obsessive-phobic syndrome types were determined: OPD of the 1st type--panic and generalized anxiety disorder (52 patients) are modified because of overlapping by chronic endogenous anxiety, obsessive-phobic symptoms being not represented in structure of negative changes (asthenia defect); in OPD of the 2nd type (agora and social phobias, 80 patients) an overlapping of psychopathological symptoms related to avoidance behavior and negative changes (psychopathic-like defect "verschroben" type) was found. Phobic syndrome component does not tend to psychopathological transformation and undergoes reverse changes. In typical cases of progressive schizophrenia has no affinity. But exclusion is--the OPD of the 3rd type (obsessive-compulsive disorders with a fear of external threat and massive defense rituals, 49 patients). In this case, total affinity to schizophrenia is realized in overlapping of both obsessive syndrome components with positive and negative manifestation of schizophrenia.
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PMID:[Obsessive-phobic disorder typology in schizophrenia]. 1191 2

Sydnocarb [(phenylisopropyl)N-phenylcarbamoylsydnonimine; SYD] was introduced to clinical practice in Russia as a psychostimulant drug used for the treatment of asthenia and apathy, which accompany schizophrenia and manic depression. It has been described as a psychostimulant with addiction liability and toxicity less than amphetamine (AMPH). The precise cellular mechanisms by which sydnocarb elicits its psychostimulant effect are still unclear. At present its neurochemical and neurotoxic effects are compared to those of AMPH in the striatum, the main input structure of the basal ganglia. The expression of c-fos protein in striatal neurons was much more increased after a single injection of D-AMPH (5 mg/kg) than after an equimolar concentration of SYD (23.8 mg/kg) in both the anterior and the posterior part of the striatum. Using in situ hybridization on striatal slices, we observed that AMPH increased the striatal levels of preprodynorphin (PPDYN) mRNAs in both parts of the striatum, while SYD did not affect basal levels of PPDYN mRNAs. Furthermore, AMPH and SYD increased striatal preprotachykinin (PPT-A) and preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA levels. The effects of AMPH and SYD on PPT-A-mRNA levels were similar. A differential effect of AMPH and SYD was observed only on the PPE-mRNA levels measured in the anterior striatum where SYD increased these levels more than AMPH. The acute neurotoxicity of these two psychostimulants was analyzed by measuring their effects on the parameters of oxidative stress, such as nitric oxide (NO) generation, as well as specific indices of lipid peroxidation (i.e., thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS), while, on the other hand, the alpha-tocopherol level was taken as an index of antioxidant defense processes. Measuring generation of NO directly by electron paramagnetic resonance, it was observed that AMPH shows a more pronounced increase in comparison to SYD, in the striatum and in cortex. TBARS levels in the striatum and cortex were significantly less enhanced than AMPH after a single injection of SYD. Similarly, the alpha-tocopherol level was decreased only by AMPH in the striatum, and neither AMPH nor SYD had any effect in the cortex. Results show that a single injection of a high dose of AMPH is able to induce several neurotoxic effects. The study also demonstrates that SYD has mild neurochemical effects as well as fewer neurotoxic properties than AMPH.
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PMID:Neurochemical changes and neurotoxic effects of an acute treatment with sydnocarb, a novel psychostimulant: comparison with D-amphetamine. 1210 94

Outcome in schizophrenia is multidimensional and, thus, consists of clinical,humanitarian, rehabilitative and cost domains. Accordingly, recovery is conceptualized as the ability to function in the community, socially and vocationally, as well as being relatively free of disease-related psychopathology. The present cross-sectional study examined the relationship of premorbid functioning, psychopathology, insight, attitudes toward medication and side-effects, as well as sociodemographic factors with treatment outcomes in terms of quality of life (QOL) and psychosocial functioning among 60 regular attendees of a specialized schizophrenia outpatient clinic. Both insight into the illness as well as attitudes toward treatment indicated satisfactory compliance. Premorbid school and social functioning were positively correlated with actual employment status, and premorbid social functioning was further positively correlated with QOL and global functioning. Attitudes toward treatment were positively associated with global QOL, and with the patients' living situation. Both positive and negative symptoms as well as asthenia were negatively associated with QOL, while cognitive symptoms negatively influenced occupational functioning. Older patients lived independently and/or in a partnership more often, but had a lesser likelihood of competitive employment. Our observations suggest that subjective and functional outcomes in highly compliant patients are mainly predicted by psychopathological symptoms and unchangeable sociodemographic variables.
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PMID:Correlates of subjective and functional outcomes in outpatient clinic attendees with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. 1631 96

In-depth clinical psychological investigation of airline pilots with neurocirculatory dystonia (n=194, mean age 38.57 +/- 0.85) and essentially healthy control pilots (n=183, mean age 38.4+/-0.92) revealed distinctive features in NCD pilots' mentality and behavior including personality, interpersonal communication, type of thinking, stress reaction, protection tactics, and mental dysfunctions. Psychic deadaptation such as symptoms of psychic asthenia, paranoia, depression, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior had a negative effect on the clinical course and led to medical disqualification of 15% of NCD pilots.
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PMID:[Personality and psychic deadaptation of airline pilots with neurocirculatory dystonia]. 1735 29


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