Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma concentrations of remoxipride and haloperidol as well as prolactin (PRL) were determined in 20 patients with acute symptoms of schizophrenia. Ten patients received remoxipride and ten patients haloperidol for a period of 6 weeks. A significant linear correlation was found between the plasma level of remoxipride and the dosage applied (P less than 0.02) as well as between the corresponding haloperidol dosage and plasma concentration (P less than 0.05). In both patient groups a significant reduction in psychopathology was observed during the trial period (P less than 0.001). In the haloperidol group this was associated with a clearcut elevation of plasma PRL, whereas in the remoxipride group after an initial rise for 4 weeks, the mean PRL level returned to baseline at the end of the study.
 ...
PMID:Plasma concentrations of remoxipride and haloperidol in relation to prolactin and short-term therapeutic outcome in schizophrenic patients. 168 13

Regional brain glucose metabolism in 20 patients with schizophrenia (DSM-III) was investigated by positron emission tomography (PET) with uniformly labeled 11C-glucose as the tracer. Monoamine metabolites were analyzed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum, and prolactin was analyzed in serum. Intensity of anxiety was rated directly after the PET study. Ten healthy volunteers served as controls. In the patients, weak positive and negative relationships were found between homovanillic acid in CSF and prolactin in serum, respectively, and regional metabolic rates. In all subjects, positive correlations were found between the level of anxiety and the regional glucose metabolism. In the controls, positive correlations were found between anxiety and the frontal/parietal ratios of the left hemisphere, whereas anxiety scores of the patients correlated negatively to relative metabolic rates of the right medial frontal cortex and the left thalamus. These observations may indicate alterations in the neuronal systems participating in the initiation of anxiety and arousal in schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Regional brain glucose metabolism: correlations to biochemical measures and anxiety in patients with schizophrenia. 172 39

In a neuroendocrine challenge paradigm, the present study investigated responses of schizophrenic patients to m-chlorophenylpiperazine (MCPP), a serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) agonist. In an oral dose of 0.25 mg/kg, MCPP was administered in a placebo-controlled double-blind design to male schizophrenic patients (n = 7) and normal male controls (n = 8). Behavioral (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PANSS) and hormonal (cortisol, prolactin) variables were measured over the subsequent 210 min. The schizophrenic patients experienced an overall exacerbation of psychopathology on MCPP as compared with placebo (p less than 0.05), with specific worsening of PANSS-positive symptoms (p less than 0.025) and PANSS activation (p less than 0.001). In addition, the schizophrenic patients showed significantly lower cortisol (p less than 0.05) and prolactin (p less than 0.05) responses than the normal subjects. The schizophrenic patients had lower peak MCPP blood levels than the normal subjects, although this difference was not statistically significant. The findings are discussed in terms of 5HT receptor(s) sensitivity and the pharmacokinetics of MCPP in schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:The MCPP challenge test in schizophrenia: hormonal and behavioral responses. 175 20

Plasma levels of prolactin, growth hormone, corticotropin, and cortisol were measured at 15-minute intervals for 24 hours in nine unmedicated male schizophrenic patients and in nine age-matched normal male subjects. Each study was preceded by 3 days of habituation to the laboratory environment. Sleep was polygraphically recorded. The circadian and pulsatile variations present in each hormonal profile were quantitatively characterized with the use of computer algorithms specifically designed for analyses of hormonal fluctuations. The major abnormality of neuroendocrine release that was observed in the schizophrenic patients was an almost threefold enhancement of the sleep-related increase in the prolactin level, associated with an intensified frequency of nocturnal prolactin pulses. This increased stimulatory effect of sleep on prolactin secretion was evident immediately after sleep onset. The normal inhibition of cortisol secretion during early sleep was absent in schizophrenic patients. The major sleep abnormalities were a prolonged sleep latency and a reduction in total rapid eye movement stage sleep. During wakefulness, prolactin and cortisol levels were normal. The 24-hour profile of growth hormone was unaltered in schizophrenic patients, and a sleep-onset growth hormone pulse was observed in all patients. No abnormalities were noted in the levels or temporal organization of corticotropin secretion. Both the amplitude and the timing of the cortisol rhythm were normal. We conclude that, in schizophrenic men, pituitary-adrenal function and circadian time-keeping are normal but prolactin secretion is hyperresponsive to the physiologic stimulus of sleep onset. Schizophrenia thus appears to be characterized by a subset of neuroendocrine disturbances distinct from that observed in major endogenous depression.
 ...
PMID:Circadian and sleep-related endocrine rhythms in schizophrenia. 184 71

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) plasma levels were studied during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in five schizophrenic patients in a simulated ECT (SECT) controlled experimental design. The data were compared to those obtained from a group of 10 depressed patients treated with ECT. In the schizophrenic group, both PRL and TSH increased significantly during ECT compared to SECT, as they did in the depressive group during ECT. Thus, the hormonal TSH and PRL profile during ECT is similar in schizophrenia and depression. It is concluded that the changes in TSH and PRL induced by ECT are specifically linked to the current or the seizure, and are not related to the type of psychopathology.
 ...
PMID:Thyrotropin and prolactin responses to ECT in schizophrenia and depression. 186 62

Ten male inpatients (aged 29 +/- 6 years) with a DSM-III diagnosis of schizophrenia participated in a 4-week open dose escalation study of amperozide, a novel 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. The maximum daily dose of amperozide was 20 mg. A close dose-plasma concentration relationship showed considerable interindividual variation in the steady-state plasma levels at a given dose. Approximately equal concentrations of amperozide and its metabolite, N-deethylated amperozide, were seen in plasma. The prolactin levels were not increased during amperozide treatment. No changes occurred in hematological or other laboratory parameters. ECG showed changes in T-wave morphology and a prolongation of the QTc time. One patient was withdrawn from the trial due to aggravation of psychotic symptoms, and two patients had a brief, temporary discontinuation of the drug due to somatic illness. Six patients were improved during amperozide treatment, as assessed by the Clinical Global Improvement Scale. Among the responders the total CPRS was reduced by a mean of 64% and total BPRS score by a mean of 46%. Mild tremor was a frequent side effect, but other extrapyramidal symptoms were rare. Nausea was seen in six patients and of a more pronounced character in one patient. In general, the severity of the side effects increased with increasing doses of amperozide.
 ...
PMID:Effects of amperozide in schizophrenia. An open study of a potent 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. 192 36

The aminoergolines SDZ 208-911 [N-[(8-alpha)-2,6-dimethylergoline-8-yl]-2,2- dimethylpropanamide] and SDZ 208-912 [N-[8-alpha)-2-chloro-6-methylergoline-8-yl]- 2,2-dimethylpropanamide] exhibit nonclassical, neuroleptic-like properties in rodents. Thus, they are equipotent to haloperidol as inhibitors of apomorphine-induced gnawing behavior and conditioned avoidance responding, but are essentially devoid of cataleptogenic activity. In addition, they show high affinity for central D-2 receptors in vitro and elevate striatal homovanillic acid levels. In contrast to haloperidol, however, SDZ 208-911 and 208-912 strongly inhibit prolactin secretion and induce contralateral circling behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned animals. These profiles are consistent with the drugs exhibiting varying degrees of partial agonistic activity at dopamine D-2 receptors, with SDZ 208-911 being considerably more agonistic than SDZ 208-912. Support for this contention stems from the ability of SDZ 208-911 to reduce the elevation of striatal L-dopa formation induced by gamma-butyrolactone, and SDZ 208-912's partial reversal of apomorphine's inhibitory action on gamma-butyrolactone activity. SDZ 208-911's effects are reduced after the partial alkylation of D-2 receptors with N-ethoxy-carbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline, confirming its partial agonistic properties. SDZ 208-911 and SDZ 208-912 could be effective against both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, while exhibiting a reduced incidence of dystonic and parkinsonian side-effects. In addition, their clinical testing might throw more light on the central dopaminergic status of schizophrenic subjects.
 ...
PMID:Partial dopamine-agonistic and atypical neuroleptic properties of the amino-ergolines SDZ 208-911 and SDZ 208-912. 196 46

In an open clinical trial the azepine derivative B-HT 920 was administered to patients with schizophrenia, paranoid type (according to ICD-9 and DSM-III criteria), in order to examine whether dopamine autoreceptor stimulation exerts antipsychotic effects. Twelve patients participated in the study and received the test drug orally for up to 28 days in a dose range from 0.3 to 1.2 mg/day. The following results emerged: in four patients a significant amelioration (reduction of initial BPRS scores by more than 50%) of psychotic symptomatology was observed; eight patients remained without improvement of psychopathology. Psychomotor activation was observed in seven patients, and prompted termination of the trial in two cases. No other marked adverse effects of B-HT 920 were noted, including EEG, ECG, and clinical chemistry parameters. As it was to be expected from the pharmacology of B-HT 920, plasma prolactin concentrations were significantly reduced two hours after oral application of a single dose of the drug. It remains to be clarified whether chronic treatment with B-HT 920 induces antipsychotic efficacy within as yet unidentified subsamples of schizophrenic patients. The observed activating effects of B-HT 920 may focus future investigative efforts toward study samples where negative symptoms predominate.
 ...
PMID:B-HT 920--a novel dopamine autoreceptor agonist in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. 196 67

Results for laboratory and cardiovascular variables in both short-term (4-6 weeks) and long-term (greater than 6 weeks) double-blind studies in schizophrenic patients consistently showed comparably low incidences of both transient treatment-emergent changes and changes present at last rating for both remoxipride and haloperidol. The total incidence of serious adverse events in the short-term double-blind programme was approximately 2% for both remoxipride and haloperidol. The corresponding figure for remoxipride (n = 434) in long-term treatment was approximately 6%. Compared to those on haloperidol, fewer patients on remoxipride had trough plasma prolactin levels above the normal range in short-term treatment. The results with long-term treatment with remoxipride were similar. Breast swelling and galactorrhoea were infrequent treatment-emergent side effects with either drug. It was impossible to evaluate menstrual disturbance in short-term studies but in long-term use the incidence of treatment-emergent menstrual disorder was low in remoxipride patients. Too few patients continued treatment with haloperidol for a comparative long-term evaluation. Overall, based on the information available at present, remoxipride appears to offer a high degree of safety in both short-term and long-term treatment of schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Safety evaluation in both short- and long-term treatment of schizophrenia with remoxipride. 197 78

Dopamine (DA) has been shown to be involved in reward-related (incentive) learning but not stimulus-stimulus (s-s) associative learning. Schizophrenic individuals receive neuroleptics (DA receptor blockers) for therapy and therefore may have impaired incentive learning. To test this hypothesis, in experiment 1, schizophrenic outpatients receiving haloperidol or flupenthixol and matched controls were tested on tasks involving incentive or s-s learning. Patients were also given the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Results showed the patients to be significantly impaired in every task. However, only impairments of s-s learning were correlated with psychiatric state. Thus, deficits on the tasks involving incentive learning were interpreted as resulting from neuroleptic drugs rather than psychiatric state. Experiment 2 tested 26 schizophrenic inpatients receiving a variety of neuroleptics (converted to chloropromazine equivalency (CPZEQ)) on the same tasks. A blood sample was collected from the patients and from age-matched controls and prolactin levels were found to be significantly higher in the patients. Multiple regression analysis was used on patient data to determine whether prolactin level or CPZEQ were related to performance. It was found that incentive learning but not s-s associative learning was significantly predicted by one of these two indexes of neuroleptic drug dose. The results of these experiments provide some support for the hypothesis that neuroleptics might impair incentive but not s-s associative learning in schizophrenics. The observation that neuroleptics affect human incentive learning might lead to more efficient use of behavior modification programs in the treatment of schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Do neuroleptics impair learning in schizophrenic patients? 198 Jun 12


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>