Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We reported a case of acute water intoxication from compulsive water-drinking, who showed triphasic waves on EEG. The patient was a 50-year-old man who had been undergoing medical treatment in a mental hospital since he was suffering from schizophrenia diagnosed at the age of 35. He had sometimes had a tendency to drink a large amount of water since 45 years old. He began to drink water compulsively since three days ago. He vomited just after he drank excessive water with his mouth directly to the tap for several minutes, and soon fell into loss of consciousness. He was transmitted to our hospital because of acute consciousness disturbance on the next day. On neurological examination, he was profoundly comatose with miosis and conjugate deviation to the right side. His extremities showed decorticate posturing. On admission, serum sodium level was 101 mEq/l, and plasma osmolality was 208 mOsm/l. Serum enzymes derived from muscle and myoglobin were markedly elevated. But there was no laboratory evidence of the other metabolic disorders such as hepatic or renal disease. Computed tomography of the brain disclosed severely diffuse swelling with largely obliterated sulci and narrowed ventricles. EEG showed triphasic waves predominantly over centro-parieto-occipital portion, behind which there was slow wave activity with a loss of normal alpha wave activity. Immediately, treatment began by a combination of saline and glyceol infusion for the purpose of correcting severe hyponatremia, subsequently removing brain edema. As serum sodium level gradually returned to normal, the brain CT findings were getting better.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[A case of acute water intoxication showing triphasic waves on EEG]. 193 65

DMSO is an amphipathic molecule with a highly polar domain and two apolar methyl groups, making it soluble in both aqueous and organic media. It is one of the most common solvents for the in vivo administration of several water-insoluble substances. Despite being frequently used as a solvent in biological studies and as a vehicle for drug therapy, the side-effects of DMSO (undesirable for these purposes) are apparent from its utilization in the laboratory (both in vivo and in vitro) and in clinical settings. DMSO is a hydrogen-bound disrupter, cell-differentiating agent, hydroxyl radical scavenger, intercellular electrical uncoupler, intracellular low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol mobilizing agent, cryoprotectant, solubilizing agent used in sample preparation for electron microscopy, antidote to the extravasation of vesicant anticancer agents, and topical analgesic. Additionally, it is used in the treatment of brain edema, amyloidosis, interstitial cystitis, and schizophrenia. Several systemic side-effects from the use of DMSO have been reported, namely nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemolysis, rashes, renal failure, hypertension, bradycardia, heart block, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and bronchospasm. Looking at the multitude of effects of DMSO brought to light by these studies, it is easily understood how many researchers working with DMSO (or studying one of its specific effects) might not be fully aware of the experiences of other groups who are working with it but in a different context.
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PMID:Multidisciplinary utilization of dimethyl sulfoxide: pharmacological, cellular, and molecular aspects. 1266 39

To examine clinical features of pneumonia in schizophrenics, its course was analysed in 115 patients of a mental hospital (91 men, 24 women, mean age 54.4 +/- 1.2 years). 63.3% patients stayed in hospital for more than a year, 70.4% had schizophrenia for 20 years. 86% pneumonia patients were at the age older than 40 years, 35%--older than 60 years. Unfavourable premorbid factors were dementia, weight loss, anemia, recurrent pneumonia and intestinal infections. Pneumonia was characterized by rare fever, pains in the chest, frequent hypotension, systemic symptoms. 58.2% of patients suffered from pneumonia longer than 4 weeks. Lethality was 23.5%. In patients who had schizophrenia up to 10 years lethal outcomes were absent. In lethal outcome, pneumonia was initially diagnosed as severe, it was accompanied by arterial hypotonia in 91.7% of cases, by leukopenia in 40.5% (below 10(9)/l). Lethal outcome was caused by rapid development of brain edema in vascular failure in more than half of the cases. Pneumonia in mental patients was connected with many factors: the disease as such, psychotropic therapy, conditions in the hospital stay.
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PMID:[Clinical characteristics of pneumonia in schizophrenics]. 1293 15

A 19-year-old woman with a 3-year history of schizophrenia suddenly began to vomit, and rapidly developed a coma an hour after the onset of vomiting. A brain CT scan showed diffuse brain edema with compression of the ventricles. Laboratory tests showed a low serum sodium concentration of 117 mmol/L. She died 67 h after the onset of the first symptom. A postmortem examination showed diffuse swelling of the brain with bilateral uncal and tonsillar herniations. Histologically, no necrotic, hemorrhagic or encephalitic changes were seen. However, microvacuolar changes with lymphocytic infiltration were found in the venous walls (media and adventitia) mainly in the basal ganglia, thalamus and brainstem. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of venous alterations in fatal hyponatremic brain edema. These changes may have participated in the exacerbation of the brain edema due to functional disturbance of venous drainage.
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PMID:Peculiar venous lesions in fatal hyponatremic brain edema. 1582 24

Once considered little more than the glue that holds neurons in place, astrocytes are now becoming appreciated for the key roles they play in central nervous system functions. They supply neurons and oligodendrocytes with substrates for energy metabolism, control extracellular water and electrolyte homeostasis, regulate neurotransmitter release, modulate immune responses, produce trophic factors, and control synapse formation. Astrocytes express receptors for many neurotransmitters, peptides, hormones and cytokines, and show excitability based on intracellular Ca2+ variations. Evidence is mounting that alterations in astrocyte functionality play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of disorders with diverse properties, including migraine, epilepsy, leukodystrophies, inflammatory demyelinating diseases, infections, brain edema and metabolic disorders, metal intoxications, neurodegenerative disorders, and schizophrenia. Targeting astrocyte dysfunction may lead to new therapeutic strategies for these disorders.
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PMID:Dysfunctional astrocytes as key players in the pathogenesis of central nervous system disorders. 1793 36

The aquaporins (AQP), a protein family, were first discovered in the early 1990s. The primary role of aquaporins is to facilitate water transport across multiple cell types. In the spinal cord and brain responsible for most of the water diffusion are AQP4 and AQP1. In this paper, we describe the structure, localization and role of this water channel family, especially AQP4 and AQP1. AQP4 is involved in various pathologies such as: stroke, brain tumors, Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's Disease, hydrocephalus, schizophrenia, epilepsy, major depressive disorder, autism. Brain edema is the most important acute complication of the hypoxic-ischemic and it has no pathogenic treatment. Imaging and histopathology studies have shown that inhibition of AQP4 reduces brain edema.
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PMID:Distribution of Aquaporins 1 and 4 in the Central Nervous System. 3162 51