Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By reviewing causes of death among cohorts of various major disease entities or conditions, one may infer that a large majority of suicides are associated with a relatively small number of conditions. From the available follow-up studies, we might estimate that the following percentage of affected individuals will die by suicide: primary (endogenous) depression, 15 per cent; reactive (neurotic) depression, 15 per cent; alcoholism, 15 per cent; schizophrenia, 10 per cent; psychopathic personality, 5 per cent; opiate addiction, 10 per cent or more. Rough estimates of the number of suicides per year in the United States attributable to each condition might be as follows (using low incidence figures): depression, 12,900; alcoholism, 6,900; schizophrenia, 3,800; psychopathy, 2,000 (?); drug addiction, 900.
 ...
PMID:Conditions predisposing to suicide: a review. 32 25

Acute and chronic psychotic states in juvenile drug addicts demand careful observation of syndrome-genetic and differential diagnostic factors. Not only the diagnosis of a schizophrenic or affective juvenile psychosis and their differentiation from phase-specific developmental crises may often be difficult. A further problematic field are special aspects of symptomatic psychoses and particularly states due to drug addiction with hashish, LSD and amphetamines and the effect of drugs on already existing endogenous psychoses. This demands subtile phenomenologic description and syndrome-genetic assessment. One will have to take into account the complexity of drug effects and whether a psychosis existed already before addiction, whether drugs have provoked a latent psychosis, whether a purely symptomatic psychosis mimics a schizophrenia or whether irreversible personality changes with secondary psychotic behavior have developed.
 ...
PMID:[Differential diagnosis and syndrome-genetic problems and aspects of drug-induced psychoses in juveniles (author's transl)]. 105 11

It has been suggested that drug dependence is a substitute for schizophrenia in young patients and that drug dependence protects them from schizophrenic breakdown. Assuming the correctness of the genetic basis for schizophrenia, it was postulated that persons known to be dependent on heroin would have a higher genetic loading for schizophrenia if the hypothesis was true. An examination of the family backgrounds of 82 drug dependent persons failed to find supporting evidence for the belief that drug dependence is a substitute for schizophrenia in young persons.
 ...
PMID:Genetics, drug dependence and schizophrenia. 106 36

Approximately 18,000 19-year-old graduates from the high schools of Norway were followed for 50 years after graduation by means of a national case register of hospitalized psychoses. Six hundred and sixty-eight graduates were found to have been admitted to a psychiatric institution. The admission rate for male graduates was found to be 95.7 % of the expected rate, while for the female sex the percentage was 115.8. In both sexes, the number of manic-depressive cases was higher than the national average, while schizophrenia was rarer. The number of admissions related to alcohol or drug addiction was much higher in the graduates, and these admissions were concentrated mainly among members of the medical professions. A detailed study was made of 450 male and 218 female graduate patients for whom information was available about the occupation of the father as well as that of the graduate himself. The hospital admission rate was significantly higher in the graduates who had an occupation lower than that of their fathers, and vice versa. Within each social group, the rate of admission was highest in the graduates who had remained in the same occupation as their fathers: Professional sons of professional fathers had an admission rate of 109 % of the expected rate, while those who had moved to other occupations had a rate of only 87 % of the expected. It would seem that inter-generational change of occupation is associated with a lowering of psychiatric morbidity. High admission rates were found in groups which can be regarded as relative failures in relation to their level of aspiration (or that of their parents) in going to high school.
 ...
PMID:Morbidity and social mobility in an upper class educational group. 115 1

A study of 50 consecutive individuals referred for pretrial psychiatric examination, presumably because of previous psychiatric hospitalization (82 percent), indicated that antisocial personality, alcoholism, or drug dependence was present in 80 percent. Schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder was seen in about a third of the subjects, usually associated as well, however, with antisocial personality, alcoholism, or drug dependence. There were no significant differences in index crime between those with or without schizophenia bipolar affective disorder. It is concluded that the latter conditions occur in no more than two or three per cent of all felons.
 ...
PMID:Psychiatric disorders and crime: a study of pretrial psychiatric examinations. 126 48

The association between alcohol and/or drug dependence and major psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia has received increased attention from the professional community. Terms such as "dual diagnosis" used to designate these clinical occurrences have become common, reflecting the interest mentioned. This chapter reviews the prevalence of the association between substance abuse and psychiatric disorder, the nature of the interactions observed, and some of the implications for patient care and health policy. Following this empirical perspective, we present a developmental-humanistic approach that has been used in the psychotherapeutic management of these problems. Our review of information on dual diagnosis suggests that the association between the two processes--substance abuse and psychiatric disorder--is not fortuitous or just the result of environmental conditions. There are complex physiopathological links at the neurobiological level that deserve research attention.
 ...
PMID:Dual-diagnosis empirical and developmental-humanistic approaches. 158 9

The risk of suicide associated with different psychiatric diagnoses was estimated in 80,970 inpatients in Stockholm County (population 1.6 million). All patients discharged with at least one psychiatric diagnosis between 1973 and 1986 were followed by linkage with the cause-of-death registry through 1987. There were 1,115 definite suicides and 467 undetermined suicides among these during the 15-year follow-up. When 12 diagnostic categories were entered in a proportional hazards model, the highest relative risk (RR) of definite suicide, controlling for sex and age, was noted for affective disorders (RR 2.82), followed by unspecified psychoses (RR 2.69), paranoid psychoses (RR 2.60), addiction to prescription drugs (RR 2.38), neuroses and reactive psychoses (RR 1.96), and schizophrenia (RR 1.64). Alcoholism, personality disorders, organic psychoses, and street drug addiction did not have significantly increased risks of suicide. Male sex increased the risk for definite suicide by 1.56, while the risk was somewhat higher among the young. Having more than one diagnosis increased the relative risk by 1.42. When undetermined suicides were included in the analysis, to alcoholism and street drug abuse were attributed significantly increased risks of suicide, probably owing to the greater difficulty of verifying such cases. We conclude that several psychiatric disorders were conductive to suicide, but that the risk did not vary much with the type of diagnosis. Further studies of confounders are needed, such as the reasons for being admitted to inpatient care, and the impact of somatic and psychiatric comorbidity.
 ...
PMID:Risk of suicide by psychiatric diagnosis in Stockholm County. A longitudinal study of 80,970 psychiatric inpatients. 160 98

A follow-up was made of ninety patients with a diagnosed psychogenic reaction (adjustment disorder) fourteen years after the index hospitalisation. Contrary to expectation, at the follow-up only half of the patients showed no symptoms of the illness. Approximately a quarter of the patients suffered from a more serious illness (drug dependence, schizophrenia or organic mental disorder) than the index diagnosis. The other quarter showed symptoms of a psychogenic disorder (neurotic disorder, personality disorder, adjustment disorder). A number of factors which describe the course of the illness leading to the index hospitalisation permit a prediction of the outcome of the disease.
 ...
PMID:[Psychogenic reaction: course and prognostic factors]. 171 53

The clinical manifestations, course and outcomes of pulmonary tuberculosis were studied in 215 patients with concurrent severe mental diseases (112 had schizophrenia and 103 other organic diseases of the central nervous system). The patients had mainly disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis with copious bacilli excretion and destruction. Their clinical manifestations and the course of a specific process were mainly progressive. Fatal outcomes were most common in tuberculosis patients with concurrent drug addiction and toxicomania. It is recommended that patients with mental diseases, narcomania and toxicomania should undergo a prophylactic fluorographic screening twice a year. Treatment of patients with tuberculosis and concurrent mental diseases should be combined and carried out by a psychiatrist (narcologist) jointly with a phthisiatrist.
 ...
PMID:[Pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with mental disorders, drug addiction and substance abuse]. 177 57

Benzodiazepines are generally well tolerated (compared to barbiturates or antidepressants, their side-effects are milder). They may be used safely, their toxicity is low. Benzodiazepine overdosage may be lethal only if the drug is taken simultaneously with other drugs or alcohol. They act primarily through inhibiting the GABA system, their anxiolytic and sedative effects are of primary importance from the psychiatric aspect. Their classification is based on the difference in their receptor affinity (potency) and kinetics. Derivatives of low, medium and high potency are known. The introduction of high potency benzodiazepines in psychiatry has increased the therapeutic means. The major field of indication of benzodiazepine therapy is DSM-III anxiety disorders and insomnias but they may be successfully used in the treatment of manic conditions, schizophrenia, delirium tremens, clinical conditions accompanied by anxiety-depression, acute restlessness, neuroleptic-induced acute distonias, and akathisias. Even if therapeutic doses are used, tolerance to benzodiazepines may develop after some weeks of therapy. The general withdrawal symptoms are not severe, but the rebound symptoms often hinder the discontinuance of the drug or the reduction of doses. When prescribing benzodiazepines the risk of long-term therapy and the prevention of the development of drug addiction have to be considered.
 ...
PMID:Use of benzodiazepines in psychiatry. 181 22


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>