Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

S-adenosyl L-methionine (SAMe) is the natural, universal methyl group donor, participating in transmethylation reactions, known and commonly used as a dietary supplement since 1952. It plays an important role in the synthesis of neuromediators and melatonin and mechanisms of epigenetic regulation. The aim of this article is to review the literature about possibilities of SAMe application in the therapy of CNS diseases: depression, dementia syndromes, schizophrenia and somatic disorders. SAMe is the promising dietary supplement, which may be successfully used as a substance increasing effectiveness of the treatment of depression, with antidepressants in monotherapy in mild depressive states or depressive symptoms. SAMe addition to antipsychotic drug, may lead to the improvement of the quality of life and reduction of aggressiveness of patients. SAMe may be an effective substance in the therapy and prophylaxis of mild cognitive impairments and mild dementia syndrome. SAMe possesses some hepatoprotective action, so it may decrease the risk of the development of neoplasm, alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) and cirrhosis. SAMe improves the functions of joints and decreases the experience of pain in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
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PMID:[S-adenosyl L-methionine in CNS diseases]. 2233 34

The interest in sexual dysfunction induced by psychotropic drugs has increased considerably in recent years because of the new-generation antidepressants (AD) and antipsychotics (AP) being put into medical practice. These drugs are widely used to treat not only depression and schizophrenia, but also anxiety and affective disorders. Other, additional indications for the use of antidepressants are appetite disorders, premenstrual syndrome, chronic pain, etc. Neuroleptics are administered to treat resistant depressions, aggressiveness, impulsivity, and alcoholism. Impaired sexual functioning due to AD and AP lowers quality of life in patients and increases the risk of their refusing treatment, the result of which is a phenomenon associated with the occurrence of recurrent mental illnesses. There are few scientific data on the nature and prevalence of sexual dysfunctions induced by these medications. This topic is universally underestimated as it is rarely touched upon by specialists during their consultations. The aim of the review is to show the side effects of AP and AD on the sexual sphere, to compare different classes of the drugs, and to propose possible management strategies to correct these undesirable effects.
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PMID:[Sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressants and antipsychotics]. 2322 11

Quetiapine is a unique antipsychotic drug characterized by the weakest affinity for dopamine D2 receptors of all the antipsychotics. This drug certainly binds D2 receptors, but rapidly dissociates from them. Therefore, it is necessary to establish how to use quetiapine in the different way from potent and sustained D2 receptor antagonists such as haloperidol. Plenty dose of quetiapine is effective for schizophrenia patients suffered from severe insomnia, catatonia, emotional instability, impulsiveness and aggressiveness. However, in order to avoid metabolic side effects including weight gain and diabetes mellitus, we have to continue a longitudinal blood glucose monitoring in schizophrenia patients treated with quetiapine.
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PMID:[Quetiapine]. 2367 98

Clozapine is, and will remain in the coming years, an irreplaceable drug in psychiatry which has elective indication in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, suicide risk in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, aggressiveness or violence in psychiatric patients, psychosis in Parkinson's disease, prevention and treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Unfortunately, the drug is largely underused for many and serious side effects. Only a good knowledge of these side effects and of the main strategies to prevent their occurrence or minimize their impact can allow overcoming the underutilization of this valuable therapy. The article describes the clinical and epidemiological features of the non-motor side effects of clozapine including blood dyscrasias, constipation, diabetes, enuresis, fever, hepatitis, hypersalivation, ileus, myocarditis, nephritis, priapism, seizures, serositis, weight gain and metabolic syndrome. The paper suggests several strategies, supported by scientific evidence, in the management of these side effects. The neuropsychiatric side effects of clozapine are not discussed in this review.
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PMID:Clozapine safety, 40 years later. 2480 63

Repeated aggression is a frequent symptom of many psychiatric and neurological disorders, including obsessive-compulsive and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, bipolar and post-traumatic stress disorders, epilepsy, autism, schizophrenia and drug abuse. However, repeated aggression is insufficiently studied because there is a lack of adequate models in animals. The sensory contact model (SCM), widely used to study the effects of chronic social defeat stress, can also be used to investigate the effects of repeated aggression. Mice with repeated positive fighting experience in daily agonistic interactions in this model develop pronounced aggressiveness, anxiety and impulsivity, disturbances in motivated and cognitive behaviors, and impairments of sociability; they also demonstrate hyperactivity, attention-deficit behavior, motor dysfunctions and repetitive stereotyped behaviors, such as jerks, rotations and head twitches. In this protocol, we describe how to apply the SCM to study repeated aggression in mice. Severe neuropathology develops in male mice after 20-21 d of agonistic interactions.
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PMID:Repeated positive fighting experience in male inbred mice. 2534 Apr 43

Some patients with severe mental disorders are refractory to psychotherapeutic or psychopharmacological interventions. We present a patient who at the age of 19 developed several schizophrenia - suspect symptoms. Soon inexplicable general seizures where observed. He was treated with antipsychotics, but had two bouts of malignant neuroleptic syndrome. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) gave some symptom relief and he continued on maintenance ECT for years with weekly intervals. Interruption of this treatment pattern rapidly increased symptom load. After seven years a lorazepam provocation test was performed as he had a new relapse after 3 weeks without ECT. In the ensuing hours his aggressiveness and nonsense speaking rapidly diminished. Kahlbaums observation of seizures as part of a catatonia was not understood in this case. The publication of the new DSM-V diagnosis of catatonia may hopefully reduce the probability of treating a patient for schizophrenia for years without access to a more targeted medication and ECT plan.
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PMID:Lorazepam provocation test in purported schizophrenia with lack of treatment response. 2555 36

Accumulating evidence shows a relationship between the human MAO-B (hMAO-B) enzyme and neuropsychiatric/degenerative disorder, personality traits, type II alcoholism, borderline personality disorders, aggressiveness and violence in crime, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, suicide, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, migraine, dementia, and PD. Thus, MAO-B represents an attractive target for the treatment of a number of human diseases. The discovery, development, and therapeutic use of drugs that inhibit MAO-B are major challenges for future therapy. Various compounds and drugs that selectively target this isoform have been discovered recently. These agents are synthetic compounds or natural products and their analogues, including chalcones, pyrazoles, chromones, coumarins, xanthines, isatin derivatives, thiazolidindiones, (thiazol-2-yl)hydrazones, and analogues of marketed drugs. Despite considerable efforts in understanding the binding interaction with specific substrates or inhibitors, structural information available for the rational design of new hMAO-B inhibitors remains unsatisfactory. Therefore, the quest for novel, potent, and selective hMAO-B inhibitors remains of high interest.
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PMID:New Frontiers in Selective Human MAO-B Inhibitors. 2591 62

The idea that psychiatric diagnoses are not mere descriptors of a symptomatology but create incrementally negative effects in patients has received considerable support in the literature. The flipside to this effect, that calling someone by a psychiatric diagnosis also has an effect on how this person is perceived by others, however, has been less well documented and remains disputed. An experimental study was conducted with a large sample (N = 2265) to ensure statistical power to detect even small effects of such adding a psychiatric diagnosis to a description of symptoms or not. Dependent variables were chosen in an exploratory manner and tests were corrected for alpha inflation. Results show that calling the identical symptomatology schizophrenia (vs not labeling it) led to greater perceptions of aggressiveness, less trustworthiness, more anxiety toward this person, and stronger assumptions this person feels aggression-related emotions. Although stigmatizing attitudes were generally lower for persons with personal experiences with mental illnesses as either a patient or a close relative, such personal involvement did not moderate the effect. Implications of these findings and limitations of the study are discussed.
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PMID:Zeroing in on the Effect of the Schizophrenia Label on Stigmatizing Attitudes: A Large-scale Study. 2640 22

Schizophrenia patients show a high rate of premature mortality due to suicide. The pathophysiological mechanisms of these suicidal behaviors in schizophrenia do not appear to involve serotonergic neurotransmission as found in the general population. Our aim was to develop an in vivo model of schizophrenia presenting suicide-trait-related behaviors such as aggressiveness, impulsivity, anxiety and helplessness. We opted for a two-hit model: C57BL/6 dams were injected with polyI:C on gestational day 12. The pups were submitted to social isolation for 4weeks after weaning. During the last week of social isolation and 30min before behavioral testing, the mice received vehicle, lithium chloride or clozapine. Lithium chloride is well known for its suicide preventive effects in the non-schizophrenic population, while clozapine is the antipsychotic with the best-established suicide preventive effect. The two-hit model induced several schizophrenia-related and suicide-trait-related behaviors in male, but not female, mice. Additionally, lithium chloride improved prepulse inhibition, aggressiveness, impulsivity and anxiety-like behavior in socially isolated mice only, whereas clozapine prevented behavioral abnormalities mainly in mice prenatally exposed to polyI:C and submitted to isolated rearing. The distinct effects of lithium chloride and clozapine suggested that mice prenatally exposed to polyI:C and submitted to social isolation presented a distinct phenotype from that of mice submitted to social isolation only. Because diagnosing suicidal risk in patients is a challenge for psychiatrists given the lack of specific clinical predictors, our in vivo model could help in gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying suicidal behavior in the context of schizophrenia.
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PMID:A two-hit model of suicide-trait-related behaviors in the context of a schizophrenia-like phenotype: Distinct effects of lithium chloride and clozapine. 2677 20

Subjects with schizophrenia or conduct disorder display a lifelong pattern of antisocial, aggressive and violent behavior and agitation. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme involved in the degradation of various monoamine neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and therefore has a role in various psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and pathological behaviors. Platelet MAO-B activity has been associated with psychopathy- and aggression-related personality traits, while variants of the MAOA and MAOB genes have been associated with diverse clinical phenotypes, including aggressiveness, antisocial problems and violent delinquency. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of platelet MAO-B activity, MAOB rs1799836 polymorphism and MAOA uVNTR polymorphism with severe agitation in 363 subjects with schizophrenia and conduct disorder. The results demonstrated significant association of severe agitation and smoking, but not diagnosis or age, with platelet MAO-B activity. Higher platelet MAO-B activity was found in subjects with severe agitation compared to non-agitated subjects. Platelet MAO-B activity was not associated with MAOB rs1799836 polymorphism. These results suggested the association between increased platelet MAO-B activity and severe agitation. No significant association was found between severe agitation and MAOA uVNTR or MAOB rs1799836 polymorphism, revealing that these individual polymorphisms in MAO genes are not related to severe agitation in subjects with schizophrenia and conduct disorder. As our study included 363 homogenous Caucasian male subjects, our data showing this negative genetic association will be a useful addition to future meta-analyses.
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PMID:Monoamine oxidase and agitation in psychiatric patients. 2685 73


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