Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 1:1 pair-matched case-control survey was carried out to study the deviation in personality of 78 pairs of opiate addicts. The results showed that the scores of opiate addicts tested by subscales of Hypochondriasis (Hs), Psychopathic Deviate(Pd), Paranoia(Pa), Psychasthenia (Pt), Schizophrenia(Sc), Hypomania(Ma), Prejudice(Pr), Anxiety(A), Manifest Anxiety Scale(Mas), Dependency(Dy), Control(Cn) were higher than those of the controls (P < 0.05). The scores of the addicts on Ego Strength(Es), Social Status(St), Dominance(So), Social Responsibility (Re) scales were lower than those of the controls. This implied that there was a significant correlation between opiate abuse and abnormal personality.
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PMID:[Analysis of personality characteristics among 78 opiate addicts]. 850 53

Delusional disorder, the contemporary conceptualization of paranoia, is an uncommon condition characterized by the presence of one or more nonbizarre delusions and the relative absence of associated psychopathology. The delusions concern experiences that can conceivably occur in real life, such as being followed (persecutory type), having a disease (somatic type), being loved at a distance (erotomanic type), having an unfaithful sexual partner (jealous type), and possessing inflated worth, power, identity, or knowledge (grandiose type). The diagnosis requires at least 1 month's duration of the delusion; impact on functioning that is consistent with the delusion or its ramifications; generally normal appearance and behavior; and the exclusion of schizophrenia, mood disorder, substance-induced toxicity, and medical disease. Typically, patients are unaware of the psychiatric nature of the condition. They may present to internists, dermatologists, plastic surgeons, lawyers, or the police rather than to psychiatrists. Although the prevalence is low, delusional disorder is not rare. Age at onset is usually middle or late adulthood, and the course is variable. Familial transmission is suspected, and comorbidity (frequently mood disorders) may exist. Successful management is difficult and may include hospitalization, pharmacotherapy, and certain forms of psychotherapy.
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PMID:Delusional disorder: the recognition and management of paranoia. 862 68

Forty-two acute inpatients with schizophrenia, 23 of whom had a past or current alcohol use disorder, were given a structured interview that focused on reasons for alcohol use and changes in perceived effects of alcohol on psychiatric symptoms from the first episode of illness to the current episode. Drinking for sociability or celebration decreased over time, while drinking to relieve depression or problems increased. Subjects who experienced hallucinations, paranoia, or both significantly more often reported an increase in these symptoms after drinking. Subjects with an alcohol-related diagnosis were significantly more likely than those without such a diagnosis to cite relief of depression and problems or worries as a reason for alcohol use.
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PMID:Self-reported effects of alcohol use on symptoms of schizophrenia. 868 77

Koro is a clinical syndrome characterized by the conviction of penile retraction and fear of inevitable death upon its disappearance into the abdomen. The syndrome is generally considered culture bound, yet an increasing number of sporadic cases were attributed to psychiatric, systemic or neurologic pathology. In the following article, sporadic koro cases associated with paranoid psychosis or schizophrenia have been assembled, indicating that immigration is an important factor in the pathogenesis of the clinical phenomenon. The interplay between psychosis, transculturation and cultural influence affecting koro development is discussed.
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PMID:Transculturation, psychosis and koro symptoms. 876 34

A case of rhabomyolysis with attendant severe acute renal failure, arisen in a 59-year-old male treated with haloperidol-decanoate, is presented. The patient has been affected by paranoia schizophrenia since childhood, and he was treated with electroshock and successively with neuroleptics p.o. Four years before our observation, a therapy with haloperidol decanoate (50 mg i.m. monthly) was started. After some time, catatonic like episodes appeared, which got more and more frequent, until they appeared weekly. In occasion of the last of them, he was admitted to our hospital. At the objective examination he presented psychomotory arrest, perspiration, mytacism, severe muscle rigidity, moderate oedems to lower limbs. Laboratory findings showed a pattern consistent with rabdomyolysis and severe renal failure. After that haloperidol decanoate was stopped and rehydration and intensive diuretic therapy was started, the clinical and laboratory pattern went normal, persisting however a light creatinine increase. Probably the rhabdomyolysis was induced by the haloperidol decanoate, and renal failure by secondary severe hyvolemia. This case comes into the so-called neuroleptic malignant syndrome which can rarely arise in patients treated with antipsycotic agents and which causes high mortality, particularly when there are rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure.
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PMID:[Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure caused by haloperidol-decanoate (neuroleptic malignant syndrome)]. 905 57

Personality assessed with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in college was used to predict exercise behavior measured at midlife in 3,630 men and 796 women enrolled in the University of North Carolina Alumni Heart Study. Logistic regression models were fitted for each of the MMPI clinical scales to test the predictive effect of personality, gender, and their interaction on adult exercise behavior. Lower depression, social introversion, and psychopathic deviance scores were associated with increased probability of exercising in midlife for both men and women. Furthermore, better psychological health (indexed by lower hypochondriases and psychasthenia) in college was generally predictive of increased exercise for men, whereas higher scores on these same factors predicted midlife exercise for women. There were two other patterns of gender interactions: (a) for men, lower scores on hysteria and schizophrenia scales were associated with increased probability of exercising at midlife, whereas these factors were unrelated to exercise for women and (b) for women, lower ego strength and higher college scores on paranoia and mania were associated with exercise behavior at midlife. These data suggest that early adulthood personality predictors of exercise behavior at midlife are both gender-neutral and gender-specific; that is, where no gender differences exist, healthier personality traits predict exercise at midlife, and when gender differences do occur, healthier college patterns of personality predict exercise behavior for men and sedentary behavior for women.
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PMID:Personality factors differentially predict exercise behavior in men and women. 910 71

The goal of this study was to examine the effects of personality traits as measured by the NEO-PI on the quality of life (QOL) of persons with schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia. The premise of this research is that personality traits may be important in shaping one's outlook and satisfaction with life. In a prior pilot study, personality traits were measured in persons with schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia. In this study, the relationship between QOL and specific personality domains as assessed by the NEO-PI were studied in 21 patients. Global QOL as measured by the Lehman QOL instrument was positively correlated with Extroversion (E) and Agreeableness (A), and negatively correlated with the domain of Neuroticism (N). Global satisfaction scores were not correlated with ratings of psychoticism, paranoia or depression. These data suggest that even in psychotic conditions such as schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia, intrapsychic factors influence one's sense of QOL. In addition, these data suggest that personality variables may differentially affect patients' satisfaction and QOL with different treatment settings.
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PMID:The relationship between personality and quality of life in persons with schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia. 916 Nov 11

The previously common occurrence of catatonic schizophrenia and catatonic symptoms among schizophrenic patients has diminished sharply; catatonic symptoms now occur more frequently in association with severe affective disorders or with general medical conditions. Catatonia is generally viewed as a peculiar and puzzling syndrome and attracts limited attention. Yet significant catatonic symptoms tend to be present in close to 10% of patients admitted to psychiatric inpatient facilities. The dynamic significance of catatonia can be recognized by considering the original biologic role of catatonia in schizophrenia as an opposite to the paranoid disorder. Szondi viewed catatonia as an attempt at self-healing of the paranoid psychosis with its threatening total expansion, by extreme constriction of the ego. The previously predominant primary association of catatonia with schizophrenia has been eclipsed as neuroleptics have supplanted the endogenous self-healing attempt of catatonia, preventing the occurrence of catatonic symptoms in schizophrenia. Neuroleptics in fact duplicate or approximate the symptoms of catatonia by producing mental immobilization, hypokinesis (parkinsonism and dystonia), hyperkinesis (akathisia), and pernicious catatonia in the modern guise of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Patients with past or present catatonic symptoms are particularly vulnerable to NMS, and treatment of catatonia requires avoidance of neuroleptics and the use of benzodiazepines or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The extreme negativism and constriction of consciousness in catatonia suggest a primary role of the frontal lobes, with secondary involvement of the extrapyramidal system and its movement disorders. In an attempt to integrate clinical, psychologic, neuropharmacologic, and neurochemical findings, a modern dynamic neuropsychiatry must appreciate the major significance of catatonia.
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PMID:Catatonia and the neuroleptics: psychobiologic significance of remote and recent findings. 920 76

The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We administered subanesthetic doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine in a double-blind, placebo-controlled design to 13 neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients to investigate if schizophrenics will experience an exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairments with ketamine. We also examined whether schizophrenics experienced quantitative or qualitative differences in ketamine response in comparison to normal controls. Schizophrenics experienced a brief-ketamine-induced exacerbation of positive and negative symptoms with further decrements in recall and recognition memory. They also displayed greater ketamine-induced impairments in free recall than normals. Qualitative differences included auditory hallucinations and paranoia in patients but not in normals. These data indicate that ketamine is associated with exacerbation of core psychotic and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Moreover, ketamine may differentially affect cognition in schizophrenics in comparison to normal controls.
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PMID:Ketamine-induced exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in neuroleptic-free schizophrenics. 927 81

Both stimulant-induced and phencyclidine (PCP)-induced psychoses have been proposed as models of the idiopathic psychosis of schizopherenia. In this two-part study, the phenomenology of the psychosis associated with a period of cocaine intoxication was evaluated retrospectively in 34 male crack cocaine-dependent patients without concomitant psychiatric disorder and then was compared with the psychosis of 16 actively psychotic schizophrenic men (without a history of drug or alcohol abuse in the past year). Certain First Rank Schneiderian Symptoms (FRSS) were more commonly observed in the schizophrenic patients (e.g., thought broadcasting, thought withdrawal) than in the cocaine addicts. In the second part of this study, we retrospectively examined the cocaine and PCP experiences of an additional 22 cocaine addicts who had a past history of separate periods of cocaine and PCP use. Overall, the frequency of FRSS recalled during periods of cocaine and PCP intoxication was similar. However, the psychosis related to cocaine intoxication was more associated with an intense suspiciousness and paranoia related to a fear of being discovered or harmed while using cocaine. PCP-induced psychosis was less associated with suspiciousness and more associated with delusions of physical power, altered sensations, and unusual experiences [e.g., out of body experiences, experiencing religious figures or events directly (e.g., being with Noah at the time of the Arc)]. As elements of both cocaine and PCP psychosis can be found in schizophrenia, a model integrating the mechanisms of several psychotogenic drugs may be more informative. Such an integrative model might better capture the heterogeneity of psychotic symptoms that can be seen in schizophrenia. Furthermore, different pharmacologic interventions (e.g., "anti-stimulant" versus "anti-PCP") might address different aspects of the positive symptom picture in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Phenomenologic comparison of the idiopathic psychosis of schizophrenia and drug-induced cocaine and phencyclidine psychoses: a retrospective study. 931 84


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