Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of the computer algorithm described here is the evaluation of diagnostic criteria according to DSM-III for schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorders. It also dates the first time point of the assessment of these diagnoses. The necessary information comes from a semistructured interview, called IRAOS (Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia). With this interview early indicators of a beginning schizophrenia can be evaluated in their chronological order and their type of course. The algorithm was first used in a sample of patients admitted for the first time with a diagnosis of either schizophrenia or paranoid psychosis. One third of these patients fulfills the DSM-III-criterion of a duration of at least six months. The other patients fulfill criterion B of a schizophreniform disorder. To strengthen the validity of a diagnosis including the criteria A up to E successively, the sample is reduced to 70%. The average time point of the first assessment of the diagnosis by the computer algorithm is about 1.5 years before the index-admission. Together with the IRAOS the computer algorithm allows an operationalized assessment of the real onset of schizophrenia.
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PMID:[A computer algorithm for diagnostic assessment with DSM-III in the early course of schizophrenic diseases]. 172 Dec 38

There is some indication that addicts who qualify for a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASP) do not comprise a homogeneous group with respect to psychopathology. This preliminary study attempted to determine the extent to which DSM-III diagnosed ASP alcoholics with alcoholism on both sides of their family could be differentiated with respect to childhood behavioral problems and additional adult psychopathology from ASP alcoholics with low degrees of familial alcoholism. Two groups of ASP alcoholic patients were compared: (1) 11 high familial (bilineal) alcoholics, and (2) 22 low familial (nonfamilial or unilineal) alcoholics. Few group differences were found in sociodemographic or alcohol-related characteristics, although the high familial group tended to be younger. However, the high familial alcoholism group tended to report more childhood antisocial behaviors and more childhood behavior problems overall. The high familial alcoholism group also reported more psychopathology on three of the 10 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) clinical scales, paranoia (P less than .05), schizophrenia (P less than .06), and masculine-feminine (P less than .025). Effect sizes for these three variables were in the moderate range. The group MMPI profile of the high familial alcoholism group was indicative of serious characterological disturbances, while that of the low familial alcoholism group was much more normal. The results of this preliminary study provided evidence suggesting that antisocial individuals with a high degree of familial alcoholism are more likely to manifest psychopathology than antisocial individuals with a lesser degree of familial alcoholism.
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PMID:Psychiatric heterogeneity in antisocial alcoholics: relation to familial alcoholism. 174 13

All consecutively admitted patients suffering from paranoid psychoses and admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, during two defined periods (1946-1948 and 1958-1961) have been personally followed up by the author after 5-18 years and by Stein Opjordsmoen after 22-39 years. After the first follow-up period 65% were without psychotic symptoms, after the last period 44%. According to Scandinavian diagnostic tradition, there is a gradual shift from very good clinical and social outcome for patients with reactive psychoses to very poor outcome for schizophrenics, patients with schizophreniform psychoses being in between. According to the DSM-III system, patients with affective and schizoaffective psychoses score best, followed by those with paranoid and schizophreniform disorders. Those with schizophrenia score worst. Course and outcome are primarily dependent on the diagnostic category, not the type of delusion. Of the patients with Kraepelin's paranoia, about one-third were without psychotic symptoms at last follow-up.
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PMID:Course and outcome in paranoid disorders. 178 2

An experiment is described in which deluded subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or of delusional disorder (paranoia) were compared with a nondeluded psychiatric control group and a normal control group on a probabilistic inference task. Factors relevant to belief formation and maintenance were investigated. Deluded subjects requested less information before reaching a decision and were more ready to change their estimates of the likelihood of an event when confronted with potentially disconfirmatory information. No differences were found between the two diagnostic groups of deluded subjects. The results are discussed in light of prevailing theories of the importance of abnormal experience rather than reasoning biases in the formation and maintenance of delusional beliefs. It is suggested that a reasoning abnormality is involved, which may coexist with perceptual abnormalities.
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PMID:Reasoning in deluded schizophrenic and paranoid patients. Biases in performance on a probabilistic inference task. 200 89

An analysis from the Finnish East and West Cohort of the Seven Countries Study tested the hypothesis that front line service during modern warfare is associated with depression later in life. World War Two-era Finnish combat veterans were compared to Finnish veterans who were non-combatants. Both groups were followed from 1959 to 1984. Dependent variables were the Zung depression scale and other measures of psychosocial adaptation and mental health. Analysis of variance of Zung scores by combat exposure was close to statistical significance (p = 0.0501). Even if statistical significance had been reached, it is felt that the absolute magnitude of the differences between the populations appear quite trivial. A significant association was found for those who had participated in over nine battles and when grouping depression, sleeplessness, paranoia, hallucinations, schizophrenia, and other mental illness into the general category of any mental illness (O.R. = 4.414; 95% C.I. = 1.113, 17.503). This seems to support the residual stress hypothesis pertaining to modern combat exposure.
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PMID:Depression late after combat: a follow-up of Finnish World War Two veterans from the seven countries east-west cohort. 205 71

One hundred black men admitted to hospital with acute psychiatric symptoms were investigated for the presence of urinary cannabis metabolites in order to delineate the psychiatric role played by 'dagga', the potent South African cannabinol, in the study population and to determine the diagnostic value of the entity 'toxic psychosis (dagga)'. Cannabinoids were present in 29% of patients, and 31% were discharged with a diagnosis of toxic psychosis (dagga). Clinical and demographic material was gathered for all patients and no consistent differences were found between dagga-positive and dagga-negative patients or toxic dagga psychotic patients and 'functional' psychotics other than a history of recent dagga use and the dagga screening test result. The latter measure was found to be both more sensitive and more specific than the history of dagga use alone. The findings support the routine use of a simple screening test for dagga in the sample population studied. The study demonstrated the heterogeneous nature of the toxic dagga psychosis syndrome by documenting a variety of different clinical presentations, which included schizophrenia (42%), paranoia (26%), maniform psychosis (16%) and organic psychosis (16%).
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PMID:Toxic cannabis psychosis is a valid entity. 221 86

Haloperidol was administered IV to 46 male psychotic inpatients and 28 male control subjects. A two-way analysis of covariance, with age as the covariate, revealed that DSM-III schizophrenics (n = 27) had a lower prolactin response to haloperidol than did the controls (n = 28). There were no significant differences between the prolactin responses in schizophrenics, patients with affective disorders (n = 7), and those with other psychoses (n = 12), which included patients with paranoia, schizophreniform, schizoaffective disorder, and atypical psychoses. These findings support the proposition that tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic dysfunction may occur in certain patients with DSM-III schizophrenia.
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PMID:Prolactin response to low-dose haloperidol challenge in schizophrenic, non-schizophrenic psychotic, and control subjects. 225 50

A major innovation of the ICD-10 draft is provision of diagnostic guidelines. This is assumed to be appropriate for use in clinical situations. In Norway a similar approach was adopted when ICD-9 was introduced as the official classification system in 1987. This was done in order to avoid national diagnostic bias and increase diagnostic reliability. A comparison with the DSM-III criteria was included in the diagnostic guidelines. The effectiveness of this approach was investigated by comparing the chart ICD-9 diagnoses of 104 psychiatric in- and outpatients from 2 teaching hospitals with the diagnoses obtained by using case record rating forms (criterion diagnosis). According to the criterion diagnoses, the base rate of chart diagnoses of schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis was too low, and the base rate of reactive psychosis too high. Several chart diagnoses proved to have low reliability, particularly reactive psychosis, paranoid psychosis, depressive neurosis and personality disorders. The study suggests that the provision of extensive diagnostic guidelines does not necessarily alter previous diagnostic practice. Reasons for these findings and the implications for the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria and diagnostic guidelines are discussed.
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PMID:Coding guidelines for ICD-9 section on mental disorders and reliability of chart clinical diagnoses. 233 Aug 31

Data from 240 male heroin addicts admitted to the California Civil Addict Program (CAP) were analyzed to determine if incarceration before or after first narcotics use--a behavioral marker termed "sequence"--was significantly related to MMPI profile scores. Furthermore, this relationship was examined separately for Anglos and Chicanos. Results indicate that those Anglo addicts who had been incarcerated before they first used narcotics had significantly elevated scores for Paranoia (Pa) and Schizophrenia (Sc), two scales of the psychotic triad. A significant sequence-by-ethnicity interaction was found, in which the sequence effect was not manifested in Chicano addicts.
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PMID:The MMPI profiles of narcotics addicts. II. Ethnic and criminal history effects. 262 Oct 8

The present study, using a diathesis-stress model, attempted to confirm prior findings with platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and stress in a middle-aged, non-clinic population. One hundred and seventy-eight adult males from a statewide community club were tested for platelet MAO activity and stressful life events and were also given a variety of psychological measures of both psychopathology and psychosocial coping. The data were examined both for correlations across the total sample and for a comparison of high-risk groups (top and bottom 15% of MAO activity) with a middle MAO group. Low platelet MAO activity was related to a higher incidence of contact with mental health professionals, and more frequent use of alcohol and cigarette smoking. High MAO activity was related to higher levels of anxiety and somatization. High levels of stress were related to increased psychosocial problems reported for female and family members, higher scores on two schizophrenia-related MMPI scales (schizophrenia and paranoia subscales), but fewer idiosyncratic associations, elevated hypomanic, depression, and anxiety scores, increased alcohol use, and increased use of prescribed antianxiety and sedative medication. Neither MAO nor stress were related to current levels of psychosocial coping. Moreover, no interaction effects were uncovered for MAO activity and stress combined.
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PMID:Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and life stress as predictors of psychopathology and coping in a community sample. 272 12


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