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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A controlled clinical study--phase III--with bromperidol was conducted on 30 male patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia of different subtypes, realized by psychiatric assessments and by laboratory measures over an eight-week investigational period. A global improvement (from very much up to moderately) was achieved in 76% of the patients; two patients dropped out. The optimal dosage of bromperidol seemed to lie between 4 and 6 mg/day. The adverse effects were confined to moderate extrapyramidal symptoms in the extent of a higher dosage. Bromperidol appears to be a potent longacting neuroleptic drug without essential psychomotor damping, anxiolytic and hypnosedating properties, but with a strong antipsychotic potential against the basic schizophrenic disintegration. It is mainly indicated in paranoia, depressive-paranoia and simple forms of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Results of a clinical trial with bromperidol C-C 2489/21. 34 73

Psychotic and nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients were tested on the Rorschach. "Reality-testing" was measured by four form-level scoring systems designed by Beck, Mayman, Becker, and Wilensky. The psychotic subjects were dichotomized on three diagnostic dimensions: schizophrenia, paranoia, and premorbid social adjustment. No significant differences were found for the Beck system. With the other systems, psychotics showed significantly poorer reality testing than nonpsychotics. No differences were found for the schizophrenic and paranoid dimensions. The Phillips premorbid adjustment score was negatively correlated with all four measures of "reality-testing." The conclusion drawn was that Rorschach measures of "reality testing" are associated with psychotic and poor premorbid functioning, but do not differentiate schizophrenic from nonschizophrenic psychotics or paranoid schizophrenics from nonparanoid schizophrenics.
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PMID:A comparison of Rorschach developmental level and form-level systems as indicators of psychosis. 48 Jan 7

Compared the MMPI profiles of 23 randomly selected fee-paying clients (FP group) of an out-patient psychiatry clinic to those of 23 clients who left unpaid bills (NFP group). All Ss had been terminated at least 2 months. No differences between groups were found on age, education, income, fee level, number of therapy sessions, sex, or marital status. The NFP group scored significantly higher on the F, Paranoia, and Schizophrenia scales. Additionally, the NFP group endorsed significantly more critical items and generated a greater number of mean scale scores over 70. These results suggest a relationship between degree of psychopathology and non-fee-payment.
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PMID:MMPL-differences between fee-paying and non-fee-paying psychotherapy clients. 71 90

The fundamental differences between the syndromes united under the term of schizophrenia are demonstrated. Attempts to reduce these syndromes to a common denominator of a nosological unit bearing the same designation have failed. Important arguments are advanced against the identification, widespread in practice, of the terms "paranoid" and "schizophrenic". It is pointed out that these two terms are incompatible to some extent. There is a fundamental difference between the nature of paranoia and the symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia (Dementia praecox). Paranoia is far more dependent on the personality than on the pathological process. A division into three aspects - schizophrenia, paranoid psychoses and MDP instead of the dichotomy schizophrenia/MDP, is proposed for a better theoretical and practical understanding in the field of endogeny. Further semantic arguments are advanced against the term "schizophrenia" indicating its iatrogenic effect.
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PMID:[Schizophrenic and paranoid - bi- or trisection of endogenous psychoses]. 84 41

Attempts to determine whether the quality of schizophrenic thought disorder varies from one type of schizophrenic to another in earlier studies have been hindered by the contamination of the major individual difference dimensions with each other. In the project described here, partial correlations were run between each of two abstraction deficit measures (Proverbs Test Abstract Level and Autism scores) and four independent variables which represent dimensions commonly used as criteria in individual differences research in schizophrenia--Ullmann-Giovannoni Process-Reactive scores, the MMPI Paranoia Scale, length of illness, and length of hospitalization. In each correlation the three noncriterion individual difference measures, the unused abstraction measure, age, education, and WAIS Vocabulary were partialed out. The correlations were also corrected for attenuation. After partialing, level of abstraction was negatively correlated with processness. Autism was positively related to reactiveness and length of hospitalization. Neither of two paranoid/nonparanoid measures used nor length of illness was related to either dependent variable.
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PMID:The relationships of the process/reactive, paranoid/nonparanoid, length of illness, and length of hospitalization dimensions to schizophrenic abstract thinking deficits. 97 89

Schizophrenia is recognized by the presence of one or more clinical syndromes, but there is disagreement as to how far the boundaries of the concept should be extended. During the course of a World Health Organization study, using the Present State Examination and a computerized classification program, a nuclear schizophrenic syndrome was nearly always (95.1%) associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenic or paranoid psychosis. The only substantial exception was that 13 out of 79 patients diagnosed as manic were said to show the nuclear syndrome. The computer classification was concordant with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenic or paranoid psychosis, manic psychosis, or depressive disorder, in 90% of cases. If appropriate precautions are taken, many of the sources of noncomparability in epidemiological, therapeutic, and prognostic studies can be brought under control.
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PMID:Discriminating symptoms in schizophrenia. A report from the international pilot study of schizophrenia. 115 4

A study was conducted to determine the relationship between two tests in the detection of schizophrenia. One of the tests used was the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the other, a less familiar test, was the Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic Test (HOD). Also investigated was the difference between the MMPI and the HOD when compared to independently made clinical diagnoses. Of 100 outpatients examined, 75 with valid test results were used. It was hypothesized that the correlation between HOD scores and the Schizophrenia and Paranoia t-scores on the MMPI would be significant. Also, no difference between the two tests and comparable clinical diagnoses was expected. The predicted effects were found. Possible preference for the HOD under certain circumstances was discussed.
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PMID:The relationships among the Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic Test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and independent clinical diagnoses. 116 63

Schizophrenia and neuro-endocrine functional defects - a case report concerning the problem of paranoid psychosis: The case of a female patient with paranoic psychosis and endocrine defects has been reported. Under the present pathophysiological concepts the possibility of a combination of schizophrenic and neuro-endocrine symptomatic is suggested. The results of more recent investigations are discussed in respect of organic origin of schizophrenia that is based on potential reduction in the region of the limbic-hypothalamic nervous system.
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PMID:[Schizophrenia and neuro-endocrine functional disorders--a case study on the problem of paranoid psychosis]. 121 12

55 patients with schizophrenia were divided into three groups according to the clinical symptoms: (1) productive schizophrenias, i.e. patients with hallucinations, catatonic excitation and stupor; (2) paranoia and schizophrenia simplex, and (3) non-productive schizophrenias, i.e. patients with schizophrenic defects and hebephrenia. Total cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the rates of cerebral oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and lactate metabolism were investigated. Patients with productive schizophrenias displayed a significant increase in CBF (to an average of 101.4 ml/100 g min), CMR oxygen (to an average of 6.26 ml/100 g min) and CMR glucose (to an average of 12.11 mg/100 g min), i.e. CBF and CMR oxygen nearly doubled and CMR glucose more than doubled in comparison with normal findings. In patients with paranoia and schizophrenia simplex CBF and oxidative metabolism did not vary much and were within the normal range. Non-productive schizophrenias showed a significant decrease in CBF (to an average of 36.7 ml/100 g min), CMR oxygen (to an average of 2.20 ml/100 g min) and CMR glucose (to an average of 3.86 mg/100 g min) in comparison with both other groups of schizophrenias and the group of healthy young men. The results demonstrated variations in CBF and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with distinct types of schizophrenia. It was possible to find a correlation between the mental state of the psychosis on the one hand and CBF and metabolism on the other. The high CBF and metabolic rates of the brain in productive schizophrenias might be due to disturbances in the cerebral metabolism of biogenic amines.
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PMID:Blood flow and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with schizophrenia. 123 37

We have previously reported that, from a phenomenological standpoint, the behavioral manifestations of cats chronically intoxicated with amphetamine parallel the evolution of the paranoid psychosis induced by the drug in humans. However, certain manifestations in the cat, such as frozen postures, disjunctive behaviors and postures, cataleptic-like phenomena, obstinate progression, loss of righting reflex and pupillary changes, did not appear to be consistent with the phenomenology of the paranoid psychosis. Since treatment of schizophrenic patients with disulfiram, an inhibitor of norepinephrine synthesis that acts at the level of the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase, thereby leading to increased dopamine concentrations, had been found to profoundly exaggerate psychotic symptomatology, amphetamine behavioral syndrome in the cat as it is modified by pretreatment with disulfiram. Following such pretreatment, a faster development of certain end-stage components of the amphetamine syndrome was obtained. Thus, on the first day, development of a Reactive attitude and of more prominent behavioral disjunction occurred with the combined drug administration as compared with amphetamine alone. In contrast with the facilitation of these behaviors was the absence of dyskinesias and hyperreflexia on that day. Stereotyped behavior, loss of motor initiative and hyperkinetic activity were markedly enhanced and appeared with a shorter latency period on subsequent days of the intoxication cycle. Loss of righting reflex was an early manifestation in these animals. During the later days, the particularly high level of compulsive activity was evident from the occurrence of an obstinate progression syndrome and the performance of stereotyped movements of the head in the presence of a crucifixion posture. In general, modification of the amphetamine effects on behavior was in a direction consistent with comparable features in experimental catatonia and the catatonic form of schizophrenia. The need to integrate such phenomena in any amphetamine model of psychosis is stressed and analogies are drawn with similar features reported in animals treated with bulbocapnine or other psychotogenic compounds and with symptoms of human amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia.
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PMID:Effects of disulfiram on the amphetamine-induced behavioral syndrome in the cat as a model of psychosis. 124 12


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