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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

34 cases of the type I Schizophrenia and 30 cases of the type II schizophrenia had been studied in immediate effect and family history. Symptomatic changes were tested by SANS and SAPS. The results showed that type I group was more cases of prominent effect and social function revival, less the time of prominent effect, less meam daily in hospital, less the time of happening psychosis disease and the positive family history than the type II group. (P less than 0.005, P less than 0.05). But no statistical significance in comparison of the all-dose of antipsychotic drugs between the two groups (P greater than 0.05).
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PMID:[Immediate effect and family history of the type I, II schizophrenia]. 135 53

From the study of Kane et al. (1988), devoted to clozapine, a critical analysis of criteria of assessments about studies in treatment of resistant schizophrenic patients was drawn up. Therefore, among the inclusion criteria, the authors strengthen the necessity of a very long past neuroleptic treatment (beyond six months) before diagnosing a resistance, the "drug-free improvers" characterized by improvement when patients had been treated by a placebo, the necessity of a very long placebo wash-out (beyond six weeks), and the improvement by a second treatment after a first ineffective treatment. Moreover, the doses of neuroleptics opposed to clozapine are often too high leading to adverse effects and so decreasing the positive benefits. For instance, the dose of chlorpromazine is often increased to 1,800 mg/day whereas the doses required should be only 600 mg/day in equivalence to 500 mg/day of clozapine. Lastly, the scales more specific of the symptomatology of schizophrenia such as SANS-SAPS or PANSS should be used in the clinical trials whereas until now, all the studies were made by standard and global evaluations with BPRS, CPRS and AMDP.
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PMID:[A critical study of conditions for prescription and evaluation criteria of neuroleptic treatment in resistant schizophrenia]. 136 78

The relationship between premorbid schizoid traits and the positive and negative symptoms assessed by the Andreasen's SANS and SAPS scales was studied in a sample of 115 DSM-III-R schizophrenics. For the assessment of the schizoid traits the abbreviated Philip's scale of premorbid social-personal adjustment was employed. Negative symptoms, excepting the attentional scale, but no positive symptoms were significantly correlated (p < or = .01) with the Philips's scale. These results suggest that the schizoid traits are the behavioral precursors of schizophrenic negative symptoms. The implications of the results for the genetic and vulnerability/stress models of schizophrenia are discussed.
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PMID:[Premorbid adjustment and negative schizophrenic symptoms]. 146 7

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a neuropsychological test, hypothesized to be an indicator of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) functioning. The performance of schizophrenic patients in our sample (off medication) was worse than the performance of healthy controls in all variables of the WCST, including perseverative responses (PR) as well as non-perseverative responses (NPR). The rate of perseverative and non-perseverative responses was neither a function of the severity of the illness (measured by SANS/SAPS scales) nor the duration of the disease. Healthy siblings of schizophrenic probands revealed more perseverative responses than healthy controls, but did not show any difference with respect to the non-perseverative responses. This finding suggests that the difficulty to shift a cognitive set, reflected by the frequency of perseverative responses, is in favor of the WCST as a vulnerability marker for schizophrenia, whereas non-perseverative responses presumably indicate a state, but not a trait marker of the disease. However, the usefulness of this indicator may be limited by its association with age, which is worthy of being studied in closer detail.
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PMID:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: an indicator of vulnerability to schizophrenia? 157 16

The striatal D2 receptors of 19 untreated schizophrenics and 14 normal control subjects were investigated with PET and 76Br-bromolisuride. The ratio of radioactivity in the striatum to that in the cerebellum was taken as an index of the striatal D2 receptor density. There was no significant difference between the control and the schizophrenic groups, nor any difference between subgroups of patients defined by clinical type or course of illness, and no relationship between the striatum:cerebellum activity ratio and SANS or SAPS ratings of symptoms. Unlike in the controls, this ratio was not correlated with age in schizophrenics. This study suggests that there is no quantitative abnormality of striatal D2 dopamine receptors in schizophrenia.
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PMID:The estimated density of D2 striatal receptors in schizophrenia. A study with positron emission tomography and 76Br-bromolisuride. 182 99

Recent approaches to subtyping schizophrenia have made use of the concepts of positive and negative symptoms. It is sometimes assumed that positive and negative symptoms are distributed discontinuously or inversely. Many of the studies that have examined this concept are cross-sectional. This research examines the relationships among positive and negative symptoms in a sample of 41 DSM III diagnosed schizophrenics. Using the SANS and the SAPS, symptoms are assessed, first, in the acute phase of the illness and then, 6 months later, in a period of relative remission. Results showed that positive and negative symptoms were not inversely related at either phase of the illness. Secondly, in comparison to positive symptoms, negative symptoms were highly intercorrelated at both times. Thirdly, the presence of negative symptoms in the acute phase was highly predictive of the presence of negative symptoms at follow-up. Implications for the longitudinal course of symptoms in schizophrenia are discussed.
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PMID:Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Their course and relationship over time. 185 77

Plasma samples were collected from 41 patients who met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia and from 34 healthy controls. Phenylethylamine (PE) levels were determined using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry negative chemical ionization method. PE was significantly higher in the schizophrenic patients compared with controls. There were no differences in PE between paranoid and nonparanoid patients. Plasma PE did not appear to be influenced by the severity of schizophrenic symptoms (rated by BPRS, SANS, and SAPS) or by the amount of dietary phenylalanine ingested within 24 hr of testing. Plasma PE did not correlate with current or past exposure to neuroleptic medication. It was not possible, however, to test individual patients during two periods when they were taking and not taking medication. Thus it is possible that neuroleptic exposure may have confounded the results. This study provides further evidence that PE excess may play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia but does not support previous studies which suggest that such an abnormality is limited to the paranoid subgroup.
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PMID:Plasma phenylethylamine in schizophrenic patients. 191 6

The paper deals with the methodology and methods for the assessment of negative (or minus) symptoms of schizophrenia. Two approaches are distinguished: Rating scales and objective methods. Statistical analysis of symptom-ratings with comprehensive psychiatric assessment systems (eg Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Present State Examination) have supported the distinction between positive and negative symptoms. Therefore special scales have been constructed for the purpose of differentially assessing these symptoms, eg the Scale for the Assessment of Negative/Positive Symptoms (SANS, SAPS) or the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Relations to self-rating scales for subjectively experienced deficits and basic symptoms in schizophrenic patients are pointed out, eg Frankfurt Complaint Inventory (FBFB) or Scale for Emotional Blunting (SEB). Psychometric properties of the rating scales for negative symptoms have to be improved, especially their validity often is not shown. Objective--rater-independent--assessment methods for negative symptoms are rare and being experimentally developed. Some symptoms may be assessed by psychological tests as deficiencies in psychological functioning, other by laboratory based (automated) analysis of behaviour, eg speech or facial actions. These investigations increase the reliability of the symptom-assessments. The validation of the methods involves etiological, prognostic and treatment implications of the negative symptoms. Current results suggest, that the negative syndrome of schizophrenia is a heterogenous construct, which has further to be differentiated.
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PMID:[Negative schizophrenic symptoms and their detection]. 202 79

Brain ERPs were recorded in ten unmedicated schizophrenic patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls during a multidimensional listening task. Patients showed a marked reduction in a long-duration attention-related negative ERP component, termed 'processing negativity' (PN), which was elicited by attended stimuli. The amplitude of PN was significantly correlated with SANS and SAPS scores of schizophrenic symptoms. The P300 component was also reduced in amplitude in patients, and was significantly correlated with SANS ratings of negative thought disorder. These findings provide neurophysiological evidence of impairment in the maintenance of selective attention and the cognitive processes associated with target detection among schizophrenic patients. The reduced PN in schizophrenics implicates frontostriatal pathways in the aetiology of attentional deficits in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Auditory selective attention and event-related potentials in schizophrenia. 205 68

The present investigation tested the hypothesis that childhood behavioral problems are differentially associated with clinical symptoms in adult-onset schizophrenia. Parents of 29 schizophrenic patients completed questionnaires concerning (1) the childhood behaviors of all their offspring from birth through 15 years of age, and (2) the symptomatology of their schizophrenic offspring. The childhood behavior scale was a modified version of Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (1991). Scores were derived for six childhood behavior problem factors: Withdrawal, Anxiety/Depression, Social Problems, Thought Problems, Attention Problems, and Aggression/Delinquency. Ratings of symptoms were based on parental versions of Andreasen's Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS; 1983) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS; 1981). Symptomatology scores were computed from the SANS and SAPS following Malla et al.'s (1993) and Liddle's (1987b) tri-dimensional concept of schizophrenia: Reality Distortion, Psychomotor Poverty and Cognitive Disorganization. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the relation between childhood behavior and adult symptomatology in the schizophrenic patients. The results indicated that the Psychomotor Poverty and Cognitive Disorganization dimensions in adult patients are positively associated with Withdrawn behavior and inversely associated with Anxious/Depressed characteristics in childhood. The results are discussed in light of the distinction between primary and secondary negative symptoms, and the three dimension concept of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Childhood behavioral precursors of adult symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. 757 64


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