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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Comparison of the properties of blood platelets and serotonergic synaptosomes suggests that the human platelet can serve as an appropriate model for the transport, metabolism, and release of serotonin (5-HT) by CNS serotonergic neurons. The study of blood 5-HT levels and platelet 5-HT pharmacodynamics in patients with a variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders has generated interesting leads into possible abnormalities of CNS 5-HT neurons in these patients. This article reviews the experimental evidence, which uses the human platelet model to investigate neurotransmitter-related abnormalities in Down syndrome, mental retardation, infantile autism, hyperactivity syndromes (minimal brain dysfunction), schizophrenia, affective disorders, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Parkinson disease, Huntington chorea, and migraine headaches.
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PMID:The human platelet. A diagnostic and research tool for the study of biogenic amines in psychiatric and neurologic disorders. 14 Jun 32

The author hypothesizes that individuals who suffer brain hypoxia prenatally, perinatally, or immediately postnatally constitute a population at risk for minimal brain dysfunction and for schizophrenia in adulthood. This hypothesis has implications for early intervention with children who have MBD and their families and for multidisciplinary management of these cases throughout childhood.
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PMID:Brain hypoxia, minimal brain dysfunction, and schizophrenia. 111 24

The hypothesis is advanced that certain psychoses in adults devolve from attention deficit disorder (ADD), which has a fundamental impact on cognitive and social development and thus affects personality structure and psychodynamics. This 'ADD psychosis' often masquerades as schizophrenia or an affective disorder and hence is frequently misdiagnosed, precluding appropriate clinical intervention. Based upon clinical evidence and empirical research involving phenomenological comparisons, premorbid history, high risk studies, neurodiagnostic evaluations, and pharmacotherapeutic response, it is suggested that ADD psychosis in adults be regarded as a separate diagnostic entity. Distinguishing symptomatology, anamnesis, family history, therapeutics, as well as prognosis, are discussed. The concept of attention deficit disorder (ADD), until recently referred to as minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), has been conceived as a childhood affliction with rather specific and circumscribed manifestations. The diverse features which embrace this syndrome, such as hyperactivity and dyslexia, were first identified and subsumed under the collective banner of MBD about 2 decades ago. The complex hypotheses concerning its possible etiology have been detailed elsewhere and need not be repeated here. Rutter, based on his extensive literature review and seminal studies, has come to regard MBD as a subclinical brain disorder developing from a genetically determined biochemical abnormality, which produces symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, attention deficit, aggressivity, and conduct disturbance. Indeed, factor analytic studies reviewed by Rutter support the co-occurrence of these pathological features in children, yet the empirical evidence for a distinct syndrome and for a precise etiology has been admittedly weak, with some contending that MBD or ADD is simply a catch-all for disparate neurological symptoms of unknown and variable pathogenesis.
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PMID:Attention deficit disorder psychosis as a diagnostic category. 345 65

A dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was carried out on autistic and other handicapped children to investigate the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA-axis). The subjects were 19 autistic children consisting of 11 relatively well-developed and eight poorly-developed children. The control groups were 26 normal volunteers, 19 patients with schizophrenia and 15 children with mental retardation (MR) or minimal brain dysfunction (MBD). The DST procedures followed the Carroll method. As a result, all of the normal volunteers and 19 schizophrenic patients showed normal response (suppressor). Nine of the 11 well-developed autistic children exhibited suppressor, while all of the poorly-developed children showed an abnormal response (non-suppressor). Nine of the 10 children with MR and all of the five children with MBD were suppressor. These results suggest that there might be a dysfunction in the HPA-axis of the poorly-developed autistic children.
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PMID:Dexamethasone suppression test in autistic children. 653 45

The episodic disorders can be clearly differentiated from schizophrenia as now rigorously defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition. Because the affective disorder is a more heterogeneous one, the boundaries between this group and episodic disorders is less precise, but this boundary could be clarified with a rigorous definition of the affective disorders comparable to that utilized for schizophrenia. The acute mode of onset and the remitting course are the most useful differentiating features between schizophrenia and the episodic disorder. The presence of toxic or other organic symptoms, including clouding of sensorium, illusions, visual hallucinations, formes frustes of epilepsy, childhood history of minimal brain dysfunction or attentional deficits, and soft neurological signs, aid in differentiating the episodic disorders from manic and depressive episodes. There is a subgroup of episodic disorders that can be differentiated from the epileptoid or organic episodic disorders as well as from the major psychoses by psychodynamic factors alone.
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PMID:DSM-III style diagnoses of the episodic disorders. 711 66

Two case reports of ecstasy abuse and its serious neuropsychiatric complications are presented. The first patient developed a florid paranoid psychosis resembling schizophrenia after repeated long-term recreational ecstasy abuse, and significant alterations with intermittent paroxysmal discharges were found in his electroencephalogram. The second patient showed an atypical paranoid psychosis with Fregoli syndrome and a series of complex-partial epileptic seizures with secondary generalization after a first single ecstasy dose. Both subjects presented considerable vulnerability; the first a minimal brain dysfunction after perinatal asphyxia and a persisting attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the second a long-lasting opioid addiction. In vulnerable individuals, dose-independent ecstasy abuse can lead to unpredictable and potentially dangerous neuropsychiatric sequelae which require proper initial assessment and adequate treatment.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric consequences (atypical psychosis and complex-partial seizures) of ecstasy use: possible evidence for toxicity-vulnerability predictors and implications for preventative and clinical care. 1451 28

In this data article, records on demographic data, family problem issues, as well as results of medical tests from five major classes of psychotic disorder namely: bipolar; vascular dementia, minimal brain dysfunction; insomnia; and schizophrenia, were collected on 500 psychotic patients carefully selected from the pool of medical records of Yaba Psychiatric Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, for the period of 5 years, between January 2010 and December 2014, were examined. X-squared Statistic was used to examine each of psychotic disorders to identify demographic (age, gender, religion, marital status, and occupation) and family issues (loss of parent, history of such ailment in the family (family status), divorce, head injury, and heredity of such ailment (genetic) factors that influence them. A clear description on each of these psychotic disorders (bipolar; vascular dementia, minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), insomnia and Schizophrenia) was considered separately using tables and bar diagrams. Data analysis results are as follows: firstly, 40.2%, of the 500 psychotic patients tested positive to bipolar, 40.6% to insomnia, 75.0% to schizophrenia, 43.6% to MBD and 69.2% to vascular dementia. Secondly, female patients were more prone to all the psychotic indicators than their male counterpart except in MBD. Thirdly, the oldest age group (> 60 years) is more prone to bipolar and insomnia ailments, while the mid age group (30 - 60 years) is prone to schizophrenia and vascular dementia, and the youngest group (< 30 years) is prone to MBD. Lastly, the factors that influence the ailments are listed: bipolar (age, occupation, marital status, divorce, and spiritual consultation); insomnia (age, occupation, marital status, divorce, and spiritual consultation); schizophrenia (age, occupation, religion, marital status, hereditary, and divorce); MBD (gender, age, occupation, and marital status); and vascular dementia (history of the ailment and spiritual consultation). Bipolar and insomnia are influenced by the same set of factors, which implies that any patient having one is most likely to be at risk of having the other.
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PMID:Quantitative exploration of factors influencing psychotic disorder ailments in Nigeria. 2879 95