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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors determined the six-month and lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders among 100 consecutively admitted female offenders to a prison, using Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS Version III) and found high prevalence rates of schizophrenia, major depression, substance use disorders, psychosexual dysfunction, and antisocial personality disorders. The prevalence rates of these disorders were significantly higher than those of the general population. The authors note the implications of their findings for treatment of women within the correctional system.
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PMID:Lifetime and six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders among sentenced female offenders. 326 81

This paper examines the power of the sporadic v. familial method as applied to schizophrenia and major depression. The model used assumes aetiological heterogeneity with a subpopulation of cases due to a 'major' environmental event and the remainder resulting from a generalized single major locus. The findings suggest that, for sample sizes to which it is commonly applied, the sporadic v. familial classification has low power to detect aetiological heterogeneity. When applied to nuclear families, substantial power requires at a minimum 100-150 proband families. If the proportion of environmental cases in the population is low, or the 'test' for environmental aetiology in probands does not have high sensitivity and specificity, the required sample sizes are considerably larger. Adding monozygotic twins increases the power of the method, but including second-degree relatives does not. The optimal approach to the sporadic v. familial method will differ as a function of the frequency of the disorder and the relative effort and expense of examining probands versus family members. Other methods should be considered for discriminating genetic and environmental forms of illness.
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PMID:The sporadic v. familial classification given aetiological heterogeneity: II. Power analyses. 327 Aug 41

The reliability of psychiatric diagnosis using the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version in personal and telephone interviews with 39 subjects was assessed using a 12- to 19-month test-retest design. Interrater reliability was high (kappa, .69 to .84) for the diagnosis of panic disorder, agoraphobia with panic attacks, probable panic disorder, major depression, and alcohol abuse. We conclude that it is possible to reliably make these lifetime diagnoses in a family study using the telephone interview.
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PMID:Reliability of the telephone interview in diagnosing anxiety disorders. 333 10

The authors compared the hypnotizability of 65 Vietnam veteran patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to that of a normal control group and four patient samples using the Hypnotic Induction Profile. The patients with PTSD had significantly higher hypnotizability scores than patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia (N = 23); major depression, bipolar disorder--depressed, and dysthymic disorder (N = 56); and generalized anxiety disorder (N = 18) and the control sample (N = 83). This finding supports the hypothesis that dissociative phenomena are mobilized as defenses both during and after traumatic experiences. The literature suggests that spontaneous dissociation, imagery, and hypnotizability are important components of PTSD symptoms.
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PMID:Dissociation and hypnotizability in posttraumatic stress disorder. 334 45

This study examines the diagnostic accuracy of the three clinical syndrome scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory for a representative psychiatric inpatient population (N = 103). These scales were designed to identify the following DSM-III Axis I disorders: Schizophrenia, major depression, and paranoid disorders. True-positive identification rate was found to be lower than that reported by Millon (1983) for psychotic disorders, despite (in the case of schizophrenia) high prevalence in the sample. A comparison with the MMPI revealed the latter to be more accurate than the MCMI in the identification of schizophrenia and major depression and less accurate in the identification of paranoid disorders. While the MCMI did identify successfully .50 of the paranoid disorders in the sample, the prevalence of these disorders was very low (.02). These findings argue strongly against the use of the MCMI as an alternative to the MMPI in inpatient psychiatric settings.
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PMID:Concordance of the MCMI and the MMPI in the diagnosis of three DSM-III Axis I disorders. 336 Sep 33

To determine whether abnormalities in brain morphology are present at the onset of illness, patients with schizophrenia, schizophreniform and bipolar disorders, and major depression who were experiencing their first episodes of psychosis were compared with normal and medical control subjects. The schizophrenic patients had larger third ventricles but not larger lateral ventricles or cortical sulci than the normal subjects. The other psychotic patients did not differ from the normal group on these measures. A different pattern of results emerged when the medical patients were used for comparison, indicating that the choice of control group can influence the findings of computerized tomography studies.
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PMID:Ventricular and sulcal size at the onset of psychosis. 338 25

The authors gave DSM-III diagnoses to 116 Chinese psychiatric outpatients in Shanghai and compared them with the diagnoses of the same patients made by a Chinese psychiatrist according to Chinese criteria. Affective disorders were the most common DSM-III diagnoses, accounting for 26.7% of the sample. A full range of psychopathology, including schizophrenia, organic mental disorders, adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders, and paranoid disorders, was seen. Some consistent differences in diagnosis by Chinese and Western standards, especially in the area of major depression, were found. The authors discuss the implications for interpreting psychiatric studies from China and for future cross-cultural research comparing U.S. and Chinese diagnoses.
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PMID:Who seeks mental health care in China? Diagnoses of Chinese outpatients according to DSM-III criteria and the Chinese classification system. 275 Sep 88

In this sample of eighty consecutive admissions to the Centre-Neuro-Psycho-Pathologique (CNPP) of Kinshasa, 81% were given a DSM-III diagnosis. This demonstrates that the DSM-III is a useful tool for psychiatric research in developing sub-saharan Africa. Schizophrenia, schizophreniform psychoses, and affective disorders appeared in their familiar forms. Zairois patients tended to present with complaints of insomnia, agitation and pressured speech. The most striking observations were the relative paucity of depressed mood, self-reproach, and suicidal ideation in patients with major depression. Four cases of acute transient psychosis were noted.
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PMID:Tertiary care psychiatry in Zaire: DSM-III in the developing world. 338

In a prospective study, 22 patients diagnosed to have "Reactive Psychosis" were followed-up for 6 months. Clinical and social recovery was seen in 16 cases, three patients had relapsed, and in three patients the diagnosis of "Reactive Psychosis" was changed to either major depressive disorder or schizophrenia. The results of the study suggest that "Reactive Psychosis" has good outcome and stability of diagnosis over a short period of time.
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PMID:Outcome of reactive psychosis: a prospective study from India. 338 86

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like and peptide YY (PYY)-like immunoreactivities were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with major depressive disorder or schizophrenia and from healthy volunteers without physical or mental illness. NPY-like material was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in CSF of patients with depressive disorders than in schizophrenic patients or healthy controls. Treatment with the antidepressant, amiflamine, a selective MAO-A inhibitor, did not alter CSF peptide concentrations. In drug-free schizophrenic patients, normal NPY but reduced PYY concentrations in CSF were observed. Treatment with neuroleptics did not affect the levels of NPY or PYY in the CSF. The finding of reduced CSF concentrations of NPY in patients with major depression and of reduced PYY concentrations in schizophrenia may reflect disturbed synthesis, turnover or degradation of the peptides. These findings suggest that the reduced concentrations of NPY or PYY in the CSF may be used as trait markers of the respective illnesses.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY as possible cerebrospinal fluid markers for major depression and schizophrenia, respectively. 339 12


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