Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lifetime prevalence rates were calculated for comorbid psychiatric disorders in 119 patients who were referred from primary care physicians for unexplained somatic complaints and who met DSM III-R criteria for somatization disorder. Comparisons were made with general population norms from the ECA study. Prevalence of nine comorbid conditions was significantly higher than in the general populations. The most prevalent comorbid diagnoses were major depression (54.6%), generalized anxiety disorder (33.6%), and phobic disorders (31.1%). The least common comorbid disorders were mania (4.2%) and drug abuse (4.9%); drug abuse prevalence rates did not significantly exceed general population estimates. Risk ratios were highest for panic disorder (16.25), major depression (9.41), schizophrenia (7.77), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (7.04).
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PMID:Psychiatric comorbidity in primary care somatization disorder. 239 95

ADD is very well known in english speaking countries (DSM III 26-29). At first american authors have demonstrated that psycho-organic disturbances do not disappear in all cases of adulthood. Attention deficit disorders, lack of concentration, weak short time memory, word finding difficulties, visuo-motor function deficiency, lability of mood, impulsivity, lack of self-control will often be found in adults. A defective ego-function seems to be the central disorder. These patients often grow up to pathologic personalities with a propensity to neurosis, addiction, various types of psychosis, namely to schizophrenia. With consideration to the heterogeneity of ADD, MDD hyperkinetic syndrome, psycho-organic syndrome etc. accurate follow-up studies are necessary for a better delineation on this nosological concept. Therefore we have investigated the development of 78 psycho-organic patients of our out-patient department. The first examination was made at the age of 10 years and the second ten years later. We obtained the following results: 1/3 of all patients were free of mental symptoms at the main age of 23 years. 1/2 presented slight symptoms in the cognitive field and/or in the emotional life, but vocational training and social adjustment were not impaired. 1/6 of the patients showed no improvement. They had remained in their family, still need care and help and were unable to accomplish professional training. These findings were compared with those of two groups of healthy persons (20 recruits of the swiss army and 27 female students of a nursing school). The differences were statistically significant in several dimensions.
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PMID:[Are psycho-organically disordered children inconspicuous as adults? A follow-up study of 125 probands]. 242 7

Children of mothers who satisfied the Research Diagnostic Criteria of (1) Schizophrenia, (2) Alcoholism or Drug Use Disorder, (3) Major Depressive Disorder including Mania, (4) Unspecified Functional Psychosis, and (5) Other Psychiatric Disorder and children of obstetric controls were studied with regard to subsequent mental and behavioural development and social conditions. 72 index children and 17 children from the comparison group were examined at an approximate age of six years by a child psychologist. More index children than those from the comparison group showed impaired mental and behavioural development. The children of abusing mothers in particular tended to have a worse outcome. One-half of the index children were not living with their mothers at the time of follow-up.
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PMID:Children of mentally ill mothers: social situation and psychometric testing of mental development. 247 14

Methysergide, a congener of LSD and potent serotonin (5-HT) antagonist, induced a florid transient psychosis resembling an LSD psychosis in a patient with spasmodic torticollis with a family history of schizophrenia. Thirteen years later he developed a major depression. A variety of other drug challenges and treatments for his torticollis had no psychotomimetic effect. Blockade of 5-HT receptors may subserve methysergide-induced psychosis.
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PMID:Methysergide-induced psychosis: case report with long-term follow-up. 248 59

The discharge diagnoses of 374 inpatients on a VA Medical Center general psychiatry ward were reviewed. Sixty-three (16.8%) were diagnosed as having posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The mean number of diagnoses was 2.9 for the PTSD group, compared with 1.4 for the non-PTSD patients. The most common comorbid conditions in the PTSD patients were alcohol abuse, unipolar major depression, substance abuse, atypical psychosis, and intermittent explosive disorder. All of these disorders except substance abuse occurred significantly more frequently in the PTSD patients than in those free of PTSD. Schizophrenia and organic mental disorders occurred significantly more frequently in the non-PTSD group. These results suggest a need for thorough psychiatric evaluation in patients with PTSD and the need to evaluate for PTSD when combat veterans present with one of several psychiatric syndromes mentioned above.
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PMID:Concurrent psychiatric illness in inpatients with post-traumatic stress disorder. 250 67

The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responses to histamine, prostaglandin-E1, and isoproterenol in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from drug-free normal controls and patients with schizophrenia or major depressive disorder were compared. These three groups of subjects did not differ in their cAMP responses to receptor activation. Exacerbated and remitted patients with either schizophrenia or major depressive disorder did not differ in their cAMP responses. The data indicate that in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the cAMP responses to activation of histamine H2, prostaglandin-E1, or beta-adrenergic receptors are neither state-independent nor state-dependent markers for schizophrenia or major depressive disorder.
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PMID:Cyclic-AMP production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in psychiatric disorders. 253 5

Hallucinations may occur in any sensory modality. Auditory hallucinations, usually ascribed to psychiatric illness, take various forms including the perception of voices, cries, noises, or rarely, music. Formed musical hallucinations, (ie, the perception of either vocal or instrumental melodies), reported in the English literature to date have typically been associated with marked hearing loss, advanced age (average 67.8 years), female sex (71%), lack of response to treatment, and general lack of associated psychopathology. We have collected data on seven additional patients with musical hallucinations. The average age of these patients was 72.9 years; all were women. Six had significant hearing problems. All reported onset of musical hallucinations after the age of 60. Interestingly, all seven had major psychiatric illnesses. Four had major depression, two had late-onset schizophrenia, and one had multi-infarct dementia. Of the five who had CT scans, one was normal and the rest demonstrated varying degrees of brain pathology. Neuroleptics were used with varying results in three cases; antidepressants were used in two depressed patients and were temporally related to the onset of musical hallucinations in one patient. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was very effective in treating depression and musical hallucinations in the three patients for whom it was used, usually providing relief from hallucinations after only two treatments. Our collection of cases demonstrates that musical hallucinations can occur in association with psychiatric illness, and perhaps unlike the hallucinations associated with isolated hearing loss, may respond to conventional treatments for the underlying psychiatric disorder. Hearing loss is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for the occurrence of musical hallucinations.
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PMID:Musical hallucinations. The sounds of silence? 256 62

Dopamine agonists may be useful in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia and movement disorders; it is a treatment approach that has been avoided for fear of inducing or exacerbating psychotic symptoms. The risks of giving dopamine agonists to psychiatric patients have been well documented in the literature. To further evaluate the psychotogenic effects of bromocriptine, a dopamine receptor agonist, we conducted a double-blind study in which 16 psychiatrically stable patients were treated for tardive dyskinesia with neuroleptics plus high doses of bromocriptine (N = 11) or placebo (N = 5) for 10 weeks. The diagnoses included schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and major depression with psychotic features. Patients were evaluated weekly with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale during the 10-week treatment phase and for 8 weeks after medication was withdrawn. There were no statistically significant differences between active and placebo groups in behavioral ratings at baseline, week 10, and week 18. These results are compared with the findings of previous studies in which bromocriptine was given to psychiatric patients. Although the literature suggests that bromocriptine can induce or exacerbate psychosis in psychiatric patients, this occurs primarily in those with a psychotic diathesis and who are not currently receiving neuroleptic medication. Other important factors include the dose of bromocriptine, duration of treatment, and the clinical state of the patient at the time bromocriptine treatment is initiated. These results suggest that bromocriptine can be safely used in patients at risk for psychotic illnesses as long as patients are clinically stable and maintained on neuroleptics.
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PMID:The behavioral toxicity of bromocriptine in patients with psychiatric illness. 257 94

Magnesium and calcium concentrations were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 15 neurological controls and 41 psychiatric patients suffering from major depression (n = 16), schizophrenic disorder (n = 15), or adjustment disorder (n = 10). All subjects were women 19-67 years of age and free from drugs at the time of the study. CSF was evaluated for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and cortisol (CS) levels, and all patients received a dexamethasone suppression test (DST) following lumbar puncture. CSF calcium levels did not differ among groups, although we found a trend toward higher mean levels in both depression and schizophrenia. By contrast, CSF magnesium was found to be significantly lower in both depression and adjustment disorder; if, however, patients who had made suicide attempts were excluded, the difference became insignificant. Patients who had made suicide attempts (by using either violent or nonviolent means) had significantly lower mean CSF magnesium level irrespective of the diagnosis. CSF calcium did not correlate with magnesium, 5-HIAA, HVA, CS, global severity, therapeutic response, or DST, but CSF magnesium correlated significantly with CSF 5-HIAA, especially after correcting for age and body height. Both variables seemed to be primarily related to recorded suicide attempts, but decreased magnesium was not limited to violent cases.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid magnesium and calcium related to amine metabolites, diagnosis, and suicide attempts. 257 29

The family history of major psychiatric disorders was examined among relatives of 193 in-patients fulfilling the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for Schizophrenia, Unspecified Functional Psychoses, Schizoaffective Disorder, Manic Disorder or Major Depressive Disorder. The morbid risk (MR) for schizophrenia was greater among the relatives of probands with non-affective psychoses whereas the MR for mania was greater among the relatives of probands with affective bipolar disorder. When major psychiatric syndromes were examined, only manic syndrome showed familial aggregation.
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PMID:Family history study of major psychiatric disorders and syndromes. 262 77


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