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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome is higher in patients with schizophrenia than in the normal population. Atypical antipsychotic drugs are used in psychiatry since the beginning of 1990. These drugs differ from the "typical" antipsychotics used previously, as they have less extrapyramidal side effects, and because of this they are tolerated better, but are associated with weight-gain and disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism. Ghrelin is an orexigen hormone partaking in body weight regulation. It is produced in the enteroendocrine P/D1 cells of the gastric mucosa and secreted to the circulation. The aim of our study was to determine ghrelin levels of atypical antipsychotic-treated patients in relationship with their body mass index (BMI) and carbohydrate metabolism. We measured the fasting serum ghrelin levels in 56 patients (male/female: 16/40, age mean+/-S.D.: 50.6+/-5.6 years) treated with atypical antipsychotics (clozapine, olanzapine, risperidon and quetiapine), and in 75 healthy control subjects, age and gender matched (RIA Linco, USA) in relationship with their BMI and their fasting and 75 g OGTT 120 min blood glucose values. The serum ghrelin levels of the patient group were notably higher (1333+/-659 pg/ml) than in the control group (368+/-103, p<0.0001; Mann-Whitney). We found no difference among the four antipsychotics in weight-gain, diabetes prevalence and the serum ghrelin levels. The BMI of the patient group was significantly higher (29.3+/-7.2 kg/m2 versus 24.3+/-3.7 kg/m2, p<0.0001; Mann-Whitney); 32% of them had blood glucose abnormality (18/56). There was no difference between the ghrelin levels in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. We found a significant negative linear correlation between the serum ghrelin and BMI (r=-0.35, p=0.0078; Spearman), the ghrelin and fasting blood glucose (r=-0.32, p=0.015) and OGTT 75 g 120 min blood glucose levels (r=-0.27, p=0.036). The orexigen effect of elevated serum ghrelin levels can contribute to the weight-gain and high diabetes prevalence associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment. The link between atypical antipsychotic treatment and elevated serum ghrelin levels is unknown so far, but a dysregulation of the central feedback mechanism can be hypothesised.
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PMID:Correlation of serum ghrelin levels with body mass index and carbohydrate metabolism in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. 1595 78

In the United States, the risk of type 2 diabetes is currently growing to epidemic proportions, with many physicians unaware that disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder naturally place patients at an increased risk for diabetes. Another serious concern for physicians is the development of metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X, in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Metabolic syndrome often encompasses medical conditions such as weight gain, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased insulin, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Treatment with atypical antipsychotics may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, and physicians need to be proactive when treating patients with schizophrenia. Physicians should be aware that the treatment of schizophrenia involves the right balance for the patient in terms of adverse effects versus benefit, and failing to treat a patient's mental illness because of potential medical problems may place the patient at an increased risk for more serious problems.
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PMID:Metabolic changes associated with antipsychotic use. 1600 Oct 95

Comorbid metabolic disorders in patients with schizophrenia are underrecognized by many health care professionals and patients. That lack of awareness can contribute to serious morbidity and mortality in patients with schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia may be at greater risk for metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, lipid abnormalities, and weight gain. In addition, although the use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia offers many positive benefits and may reduce some of the factors related to the morbidity and mortality of the disorder, these drugs appear to be associated with varying degrees of comorbid metabolic disorders, such as metabolic syndrome, and more serious consequences, such as cardiovascular disease. Recent consensus guidelines recommend that metabolic risks be considered when initiating therapy with atypical antipsychotics. Thus, baseline screening and routine monitoring of patient weight, fasting lipid profile, and fasting plasma glucose are essential. In addition, optimal treatment for patients with schizophrenia and comorbid metabolic disorders is best achieved when all parties involved with patient care (mental health and medical community, caregiver/family, and patient) communicate and work together. With proper awareness and cooperation on the part of the medical community, caregivers, and patients, the detrimental consequences that may result from the metabolic disorders addressed in this article can be at least partially offset.
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PMID:Schizophrenia and comorbid metabolic disorders. 1610 79

Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of clinical findings that identify individuals at higher than normal risk of developing diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease. There are two principal definitions, one emerging from the American National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, and the other from the World Health Organization. Both definitions share the common elements of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, low HDL-cholesterol, hypertension and abnormal glucose regulation. The syndrome is relatively common across continents, and also among those without marked obesity. It is even more common among patients with major mental health disorders such as schizophrenia. Metabolic syndrome can be used to assess risk for cardiovascular disorder and death, and is an alternative to Framingham Risk Calculations. C-reactive protein may play an additional role in risk prediction. Ongoing monitoring for all components of the metabolic syndrome is necessary. Individuals at high risk require multimodal interventions, including lifestyle interventions and targeted medications as appropriate.
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PMID:Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. 1628 Mar 41

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its sequelae (cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus) is elevated in patients with depression and schizophrenic disorders in comparison with mentally healthy persons. A variety of factors have been proposed to explain this association. These include overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms, an unhealthy lifestyle (poor dietary choices, smoking, lack of exercise), genetic factors and a lack of compliance with therapeutic programs. In addition to this, attention is increasing being focused on the metabolic side effects of (atypical) neuroleptics. Cases of acute ketoacidosis may also be associated with the use of these substances. Since none of the neuroleptics currently commercially available can be guaranteed to be free of metabolic side effects, strict monitoring of depressive or schizophrenic patients receiving such treatment is mandatory.
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PMID:[The metabolic syndrome and mental illness: relevance, risk factors and practical consequences]. 1628 81

Several cardiovascular risk factors have been linked to antipsychotic treatment and cardiovascular mortality is increased in these patients compared to the general population. The full metabolic syndrome (or its components) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disorders. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was investigated using a cross-sectional study design in a cohort of 269 patients, aged 20-69 years, with schizophrenia living in Northern Sweden, and was defined according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education program. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 34.6% (95% CI = 28.8-40.3) and highest (43%; 95% CI = 32-53) for participants aged 40-49 years. Clozapine treated subjects reached the highest prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (48%; 95% CI = 34-62). The prevalence was similar for men (32.8%; 95% CI = 25.8-39.8) and women (38.0%; 95% CI = 27.9-48.2). Men had a high prevalence of hypertension (49.2%; 95% CI = 41.7-56.6) and women had high prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (40.2%; 95% CI = 30.0-50.4) and abdominal obesity (75.0%; 95% CI = 66.0-84.0). Subjects with the metabolic syndrome had significantly higher mean body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.001), HbA1c (P = 0.002), and fasting serum insulin (P < 0.001) compared to non-metabolic syndrome subject. Subjects with the metabolic syndrome had also significantly more often a positive history of cardiovascular diseases compared to non-metabolic syndrome subjects (25.8% versus 12.5%; P = 0.01). Of all study subjects 36.8% were obese (BMI > 30). These results clearly show that the metabolic syndrome and its components are highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia. Physicians treating patients with schizophrenia are recommended to monitor the components included in the metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among a Swedish cohort of patients with schizophrenia. 1642 60

The overall effectiveness of antipsychotics for the management of schizophrenia is restricted by their side-effect profiles, particularly over an extended treatment period. Intolerable side effects can reduce patient adherence to medication and often lead to treatment discontinuation. Some side effects that result from antipsychotic use are precursors to the metabolic syndrome, which is prevalent among individuals with schizophrenia and represents a significant source of cardiovascular risk. The Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia study assessed the efficacy of the atypical antipsychotics olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone relative to the conventional drug perphenazine. Additional assessments included the metabolic effects of these agents in patients with schizophrenia and the incidence of negative side effects. No significant differences were found between treatment groups for time to discontinuation due to intolerability, but the rates of side effects significantly differed (P=.04). For metabolic parameters, olanzapine was associated with greater and significant adverse effects on weight, lipids, and glucose metabolism versus the other antipsychotics tested. The CATIE results show that important distinctions exist among currently available atypical antipsychotics. Physicians should be aware of the propensity of these drugs to increase the risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in treated patients and tailor individual treatment decisions accordingly. This article highlights the metabolic findings from the CATIE schizophrenia study, and explores the differences shown by atypical antipsychotics, with regard to metabolic side effects that increase cardiovascular risk.
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PMID:Metabolic findings from the CATIE trial and their relation to tolerability. 1681 98

Patients with schizophrenia have increased rates of morbidity and mortality compared with the general population, primarily due to cardiovascular disease. Thus there is an increasing need for clinicians in the psychiatric field to recognise and address cardiovascular risk factors such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose levels that contribute to this long-term health burden. The combination of three or more of these risk factors leads to a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, further predisposing individuals to cardiovascular disease. A cluster of risk factors, such as in the metabolic syndrome, is being increasingly seen in patients with schizophrenia. Abdominal obesity is a key contributor to overall cardiovascular risk and is a particularly important consideration in schizophrenia as some atypical antipsychotics are associated with drug-induced weight gain. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, lack of exercise and poor diet undoubtedly contribute further. Psychiatrists need to be aware of metabolic risk when initiating treatment in patients with schizophrenia and should take steps to identify and monitor patients. A first step is to establish a risk profile for the patient based on medical, lifestyle and genetic factors, and measurement of waist circumference is a good indicator of overall cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Strategies recommended to reduce risk include promoting healthy lifestyle/behavioural habits and close monitoring of weight, glucose, and lipid profiles both before and during treatment. Established risk factors should also be considered when selecting the most appropriate antipsychotic medication for an individual patient, based on differences in the potential effect of individual medications to induce weight gain, risk of diabetes or worsening lipid profile.
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PMID:Long-term health considerations in schizophrenia: metabolic effects and the role of abdominal adiposity. 1686 90

Metabolic abnormalities such as obesity, diabetes and dyslipidaemia increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as a number of other adverse long-term health consequences. There is increasing evidence from case studies, retrospective analyses and clinical trials to suggest that second-generation antipsychotics can increase the risk of metabolic abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia, with indications that the level of risk may vary among antipsychotic medications. Comparison of weight gain data for the second-generation antipsychotics provides strong evidence to indicate differences in the weight gain liability, with clozapine and olanzapine being associated with the greatest weight gain over 1 year. Data suggest that these treatment-induced changes in weight are primarily responsible for treatment-related changes in glucose metabolism; however, there is also evidence to suggest that some impairments in glucose metabolism may be independent of adiposity. Studies investigating the effects of atypical antipsychotics on glucose metabolism have used a number of techniques of varying sensitivity and quality in an attempt to assign causality. Recent studies using gold standard methodologies, for both insulin sensitivity and adiposity, have shown that psychiatric patients receiving antipsychotics are at least as sensitive to the adverse effects of adiposity on glucose and lipid metabolism as non-psychiatric controls. This demonstrates the importance of weight gain prevention in psychiatry to help reduce long-term risk. There is also growing evidence to suggest that the differential effects of second-generation antipsychotics on metabolic parameters also result in differences in the risk of metabolic syndrome, with olanzapine having a significantly higher risk than either aripiprazole or ziprasidone. This differential risk highlights the need for adequate monitoring in patients receiving treatment with second-generation antipsychotics and careful selection of treatment in high-risk patients.
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PMID:Differential metabolic effects of antipsychotic treatments. 1687 8

Although schizophrenia is normally regarded as a brain disease, there is clear evidence that schizophrenia is strongly associated with a variety of physical conditions. These include an increased rate of the metabolic syndrome and its physical complications including diabetes and coronary heart disease, and a reduced rate of rheumatoid arthritis. It is argued that these associations may point to a commonality of some aetiological factors. Evidence implicating omega-3 fatty acids in all of these disorders is presented. The associations may derive either from genetic or from environmental factors, including nutrition. Further investigation of these associations may give important clues regarding the aetiology of schizophrenia.
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PMID:The metabolic syndrome, omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes in relation to schizophrenia. 1693 64


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