Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Based on the apparent existence of a second (choroid plexial) blood-brain barrier offering a new brain attack mechanism on the periventricular primary personality brain (Rudin, 1980) and which may be breached to produce the schizophreniform psychosis characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (Rudin, 1981), we here assess the evidence that viruses and exogenous peptides, including especially the glutens of cereal grains, may be the primary triggers for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia would then be supposed to result as one expression of gene-determined combined transport organ dysfunction with underlying basal laminar immunopathy at the tissue level and possibly a prostaglandin disorder at the chemical and membrane level in turn, finally disrupting neurotransmission in the periventricular limbic system. We conclude that the evidence warrants test of the hypothesis, including a clinical trial under national auspices employing an elemental diet, plasmapheresis, immunosuppression together with an antiviral regimen.
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PMID:The choroid plexus and system disease in mental illness. III. The exogenous peptide hypothesis of mental illness. 611 83

Remitting illness such as affective or schizoaffective disorder is appropriately described by a vulnerability model. Clinical evidence is reviewed here to clarify the relationship between the affective-disorder-like and schizophrenia-like symptoms in a schizoaffective episode. A model is proposed which treats vulnerability to schizoaffective and schizophreniform psychosis as the result of two factors. The first factor is vulnerability to an episode of psychotic illness characterized by psychomotor and vegetative activation. The second is vulnerability to cognitive disturbance in response to increased activation. The relationship between stress and increased activation may be mediated by dopaminergic systems; this relationship is probably specific neither to etiology nor to diagnosis. The relationship of cognitive symptoms to episodes of activation is unclear. The model presented here may help organize and interpret research in this area, especially as traditional research designs which emphasize comparisons between diagnostic groups may not address these questions adequately.
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PMID:Vulnerability and schizoaffective psychosis: a two-factor model. 670 80

Ten epileptic patients developed interictal psychosis while being treated in hospital for seizure control. They were subjected to intensive behavioral, video-electroencephalographic, and serum anticonvulsant monitoring for an average of 7.1 weeks in a specialized epilepsy unit. In 9 patients, the interictal psychosis was indistinguishable from acute schizophrenia. Only 5 of these patients had complex partial seizures; the other 4 showed evidence of generalized epilepsies. Thus a "unique" association between schizophreniform psychosis and complex partial seizures, noted by previous authors, could not be confirmed. Only 1 patient showed normalization of the electroencephalogram during psychosis and an inverse relationship between psychosis and seizure frequency. In most cases the emergence of psychosis could not be explained. Interictal psychosis in epilepsy appears to be a spectrum of disorders that may be multifactorially determined.
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PMID:Intensive monitoring of interictal psychosis in epilepsy. 711 11

Sex differences in the age at symptom onset and first hospitalization in typical schizophrenia, schizophreniform psychosis, and paranoid psychosis are examined. Male schizophrenics were significantly younger than females at both onset and admission, irrespective of schizophrenic type; the disparity did not occur for paranoid psychotics. Implications of these findings for the differential etiology of schizophrenia in the sexes, and the need for the early identification of and intervention in typical schizophrenia, are discussed.
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PMID:Sex differences in age of symptom onset and first hospitalization in schizophrenia. 736 79

The author presents prospective data on 140 child and adolescent military dependents and 234 nonmilitary subjects to assess the validity of the "military family syndrome." The only significant diagnostic difference was that military dependents had a lesser prevalence of schizophrenia and schizophreniform psychosis; the few environmental differences did not consistently favor either group. The author concludes that if the military family syndrome exists at all, its effects are more subtle and its causes are less obvious than has been previously stated.
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PMID:Rethinking the military family syndrome. 746 33

Hypofrontality or reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex, measured as reduced frontal perfusion or glucose uptake, has gained the status of an established finding in the medical literature on schizophrenia. Many relevant studies, however, have potential sources of bias, such as small subject numbers, or unreliable performance of activation tasks by the patients during the scanning procedure. Seventy patients with non-affective and non-organic psychoses were recruited--most qualifying for DSM III-R schizophrenia or schizophreniform psychosis (n = 60)--together with 20 healthy volunteers. They underwent single photon emission computed tomography with 99mTc-exametazime, carried out at rest. Tracer uptake was normalised to the occipital cortex. Group differences in tracer uptake were predicted in anterior regions of interest (prefrontal cortex and mesial frontal/cingulate cortex). Actively psychotic (including schizophrenic) patients not taking any drugs showed increased uptake in the prefrontal cortex. Reduced tracer uptake occurred in the mesial frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients, particularly if they were taking drugs. Relatively increased prefrontal tracer uptake associated with relatively decreased mesial frontal uptake characterised the patients in comparison with the controls. Generalised hypofrontality is, therefore, not a feature of schizophrenic patients at rest whether taking drugs or not.
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PMID:Hypofrontality revisited: a high resolution single photon emission computed tomography study in schizophrenia. 773 53

Among 30 women suffering from a postpartum psychosis without affective syndrome, and for whom this episode of illness was the first leading to psychiatric hospitalisation, 19 fulfilled in the long-term course the DSM-III-R criteria for schizophreniform psychosis (SCHF) or brief reactive psychosis (BRP), and 11 fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia (SCH). The two groups were compared in order to investigate their nosological relation. Patients with SCHF or BRP more often had the symptomatology of cycloid psychoses and signs of confusion, the onset of illness was more frequently abrupt and the age at the index delivery tended to be lower (p < 0.07) than in patients with SCH. No case of SCHF or BRP was observed at the index episode that later developed into SCH. These findings, together with the different liability to puerperal decompensations, suggest that SCHF and BRP beginning in the postpartum period are nosologically distinct from SCH.
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PMID:Follow-up and family study of postpartum psychoses. Part IV: Schizophreniform psychoses and brief reactive psychoses: lack of nosological relation to schizophrenia. 780 28

Ten patients, who underwent computerized tomography (CT) study during evaluation for first episode schizophreniform psychosis were restudied an average of 7 years later. Of the 10 patients, 7 were found to carry a diagnosis of schizophrenia at follow-up. In this subgroup, there was no significant change in the mean ventricular brain ratio measure of cerebral ventricular size between the index and follow-up scans. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ventricular enlargement is present at the onset of schizophrenia and does not progress with duration of illness or treatment.
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PMID:Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophreniform disorder does not progress. A seven year follow-up study. 789 18

MB suffered an episode of status epilepticus of febrile origin at the age of 20 months. This was followed at two years by complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin and at eight years he had learning difficulties arising from the dominant hemisphere. Subsequent symptoms included auditory, visual and olfactory hallucinations which were not controlled by antipsychotics or antiepileptics. EEG and MRI were unhelpful and alternating diagnoses of schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy were made. Now aged 17 years, he has a diagnosis of schizophreniform psychosis with temporal lobe abnormality from status epilepticus in childhood, and is managed by an adult psychiatrist. His symptoms persist.
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PMID:Psychosis or epilepsy--a diagnostic and management quandary. 789 50

Disorders in neurotransmission and spontaneous behavior in rats exposed to a high pressure helium-oxygen mixture that shows interesting parallels with the dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia at both the biochemical and the therapeutic responding levels are reviewed. Furthermore, as human subjects exposed to a very high pressure have shown psychotic episodes, we conclude that the pressure-induced disorders in neurotransmission and spontaneous behavior in rats could constitute a valid animal model of schizophreniform psychosis and a useful tool for both the investigation of the biological mechanisms underlying schizophrenia and the development of new antipsychotic drugs.
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PMID:Pressure-induced disorders in neurotransmission and spontaneous behavior in rats: an animal model of psychosis. 790 34


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