Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a specific ultrafiltrate of plasma, which surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The study of its proteins and their alteration may yield useful information on several neurological diseases. By using various electrophoretic separation techniques, several CSF proteins have been identified derived from plasma or from brain. Different one-dimensional methods, such as agarose gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, are of similar value in identifying the non-specific oligoclonal bands, which are mainly helpful in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. Isoelectric focusing has a greater resolution than other one-dimensional methods, and it yields additional data about disease-associated proteins occurring in Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Silver-stained two-dimensional gels provide more information about the complex protein composition of CSF, particularly about proteins produced in the brain, such as apolipoprotein E and neuron-specific enolase. For the detection of oligoclonal antibodies, the investigation of protein changes revealed by Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and the analysis of CSF immune complexes, two-dimensional electrophoresis has a greater sensitivity.
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PMID:Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins by electrophoresis. 193 90

The association between the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been reported. In order to examine if the epsilon 4 allele may play a role also in schizophrenia, another mental disorder, patients (n = 87) and control subjects (n = 57) were genotyped for APOE. No significant difference was found between the groups. The data indicate that the APOE gene is not of major importance for the genesis of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Lack of association between schizophrenia and the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele. 883 95

We examined the hypothesis that apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoforms-besides their well-established role in the aetiology of early and late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD)-may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. We determined apoE genotypes in 98 schizophrenic patients and 98 sex and age matched controls. No significant difference in apoE allele frequencies were observed between schizophrenic patients, subpopulations of schizophrenics, or controls. There was also no difference in the mean age at onset depending on the number of apoE epsilon 4 alleles found in the patients. Our data do not support an association between AD and schizophrenia based on apoE acting as a common denominator in the pathogenesis of both diseases.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein E genotype distribution in schizophrenia. 884 Mar 93

To explore the role of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in schizophrenia, we investigated ApoE phenotypes in a group of patients with schizophrenia. Serum samples were obtained from 122 schizophrenic patients and 126 controls in Japan and were examined using isoelectric focusing/immunoblotting. This experiment showed a trend toward a decreased frequency of ApoE epsilon4 in schizophrenia and no link between ApoE epsilon4 and familial schizophrenia or early onset schizophrenia. On the other hand, a decreased frequency of ApoE epsilon2 in early onset schizophrenia was detected. These results suggest that ApoE epsilon2 protects against early onset schizophrenia, and that ApoE epsilon4 is not involved in the development of schizophrenia in Japanese.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein E epsilon2 allele and early onset schizophrenia. 928 Jan 66

Given the strong association of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) allele epsilon 4 (epsilon 4) with Alzheimer's disease or cognitive decline in elderly, we tested whether cognitive performance in schizophrenic subjects is associated with an increase in the frequency of the ApoE epsilon 4 allele. Our data indicate that in our sample: (1) there is no association between schizophrenia and the ApoE epsilon 4 allele; and (2) the ApoE epsilon 4 allele is not of major importance with regard to the cognitive decline observed in schizophrenia.
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PMID:No association of apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele with schizophrenia even in cognitively impaired patients. 954 78

Reports of a reduction in the risk of developing Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease in tobacco smokers, together with the loss of high-affinity nicotine binding in these diseases, suggest that consequences of nicotinic cholinergic transmission may be neuroprotective. Changes in brain dopaminergic parameters and nicotinic receptors in response to tobacco smoking have been assessed in this study of autopsy samples from normal elderly individuals with known smoking histories and apolipoprotein E genotype. The ratio of homovanillic acid to dopamine, an index of dopamine turnover, was reduced in elderly smokers compared with age matched non-smokers (P<0.05) in both the caudate and putamen. Dopamine levels were significantly elevated in the caudate of smokers compared with non-smokers (P<0.05). However there was no significant change in the numbers of dopamine (D1, D2 and D3) receptors or the dopamine transporter in the striatum, or for dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the hippocampus in smokers compared with non-smokers or ex-smokers. The density of high-affinity nicotine binding was higher in smokers than non-smokers in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and cerebellum (elevated by 51-221%) and to a lesser extent in the striatum (25-55%). The density of high-affinity nicotine binding in ex-smokers was similar to that of the non-smokers in all the areas investigated. The differences in high-affinity nicotine binding between smokers and the non- and ex-smokers could not be explained by variation in apolipoprotein E genotype. There were no differences in alpha-bungarotoxin binding, measured in hippocampus and cerebellum, between any of the groups. These findings suggest that chronic cigarette smoking is associated with a reduction of the firing of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in the absence of changes in the numbers of dopamine receptors and the dopamine transporter. Reduced dopamine turnover associated with increased numbers of high-affinity nicotine receptors is consistent with attenuated efficacy of these receptors in smokers. A decrease in striatal dopamine turnover may be a mechanism of neuroprotection in tobacco smokers that could delay basal ganglia pathology. The current findings are also important in the interpretation of measurements of nicotinic receptors and dopaminergic parameters in psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, in which there is a high prevalence of cigarette smoking.
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PMID:Dopamine and nicotinic receptor binding and the levels of dopamine and homovanillic acid in human brain related to tobacco use. 972 42

Interindividual differences in the psychotomimetic response to the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine are commonly observed. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon 4 allele has been associated with reduced severity of positive psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. In this study, we sought to determine if the APOE epsilon 4 allele influences the psychotomimetic response to ketamine in schizophrenics. Eighteen patients genotyped at the APOE locus underwent a double-blind infusion of ketamine and of placebo. Ketamine-induced alterations in the brief psychiatric rating scale factors were compared between schizophrenics with and without the APOE epsilon 4 allele. APOE epsilon 4+ schizophrenics displayed significantly reduced ketamine-induced psychosis, as compared to epsilon 4-patients. These preliminary data indicate that the psychotomimetic response to ketamine may be genetically influenced and may provide additional evidence that APOE may modify expression of the positive symptoms in schizophrenia.
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PMID:The apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele is associated with blunting of ketamine-induced psychosis in schizophrenia. A preliminary report. 977 66

We determined allele frequencies for polymorphisms at several loci of interest in neuropsychiatry-tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), dopamine transporter protein (SLC6A3), D3 dopamine receptor (DRD3), apolipoprotein E (APOE), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and the mu opioid receptor (OPRM1)-in samples of individuals from populations in several different parts of the world. Associations with psychiatric illness have been proposed for specific polymorphisms at TPH (suicide-related behaviors and impulsivity), DRD3 (schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder), SLC6A3 (susceptibility to cocaine-induced paranoia and attention-deficit disorder), CNTF (psychosis), and OPRM1 (substance dependence). APOE alleles are related to risk of Alzheimer disease. We found significant allele frequency variation among populations at all six loci. These results will provide a global framework of normal variation at these loci that might have functional significance or otherwise be related to susceptibility to various disorders or behavioral phenomena. Knowledge of this variation can be important for study design and data interpretation when individuals from various population groups are research subjects and may eventually help lead to a better understanding of behavioral adaptation.
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PMID:Population studies of polymorphisms at loci of neuropsychiatric interest (tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), dopamine transporter protein (SLC6A3), D3 dopamine receptor (DRD3), apolipoprotein E (APOE), mu opioid receptor (OPRM1), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)). 979 Jul 47

Schizophrenic disorders are complex genetic disorders and may involve multiple genes of small effect. The presence of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous studies on apoE genotype distribution in schizophrenia have reported conflicting findings. We studied the genotype frequencies in a large group of schizophrenic patients. The genotype distribution was significantly different between the schizophrenic patients and the control subjects. Persons who were sigma3 carriers have an increased risk of schizophrenia. This result suggests that apoE isoforms may play a functional role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenic disorders. Some possible mechanisms regarding the effect of apoE on the development of schizophrenia are discussed.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein E genotype and schizophrenia. 1008 58

The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype has been found to affect the expression of several neuropsychiatric disorders. We determined ApoE genotype frequencies and their relationship to primary negative symptoms in 61 non-deficit and 45 deficit schizophrenic patients, and compared them with 98 control subjects. No difference was observed when genotype or allele frequencies were compared between the three groups. Our data do not support a role for ApoE in the phenotypic expression of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein E-varepsilon4 frequency in deficit schizophrenia. 1057 40


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