Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric disorder with a high prevalence worldwide. There is therefore a need for animal models allowing the development of new therapeutic interventions and reliable diagnostic tests. In the temporal domain, cannabinoid receptor gene (CB1) knockout mice exhibit behavioural alterations, which parallel symptoms in schizophrenia, cannabis intoxication and dopamine D2 activation. While a specific nucleotide homology between CB1 and D2 accounts for the pathophysiology, pre-inserted spirochaetal DNA on the polyadenylation signal of CB1 reveals the aetiology of schizophrenia. If, in analogy to thalassaemia, mutations occur within this 3' regulatory domain, the genetic expression of CB1 is disrupted and sequential information lost in time. CB1, previously unrecognized as a candidate gene, thus unifies the different aspects of schizophrenic psychosis: cannabis-induced model psychosis, disrupted information processing, spatio-temporal distortions and other psychotic symptoms, disturbed neuronal migration, schizophrenic brain disorder, familial transmission, and prenatal infection by Borrelia burgdorferi.
 ...
PMID:Are cannabinoid receptor knockout mice animal models for schizophrenia? 1139 12

At first, this article comprises the innovative programme of the international "Early Detection and Intervention" research and then shows results of the "Cologne/Bonn Early Recognition - CER" project on schizophrenia, the first longterm prospective study on patients in potentially initial prodromal stages prior to the first psychotic manifestation. At re-examination at an average of 9.6 years later, 79 of 160 patients had subsequently developed a schizophrenic psychosis according to DSM-IV criteria. Prediction values for the complete range of prodromal symptoms, for 5 subsyndromes and for individual symptoms were assessed. Best prediction values with a high positive predictive power (71 - 91 %) and a low rate of false-positive predictions (7.5 - 1.9 %) were achieved for 10 symptoms and symptom complexes mainly out of the group of thought, speech and perception disturbances. As only unsatisfactory prediction values for other prodromal symptom definitions were reported, e.g. the commonly used DSM-III-R definition, empirical evidence for the possibility of diagnosing schizophrenia as early as in the initial prodromal stage, has been found for the first time. In the following, this article considers essential initiatives for the development, performance and evaluation of a promising early intervention programme based on the results found. In Germany, within the project unit "Early Recognition and Intervention" of the competence network "Schizophrenia", such a programme has been initiated. Late prodromal stages are defined by attenuated or transient psychotic symptoms and early prodromal stages by the presence of at least one of the highly predictive prodromal symptoms from the CER-study or decline in psychic functions in combination with other risk factors. Intervention strategies are a multimodal psychological programme for the intervention in early prodromal stages and a combination of psychotherapy with atypical neuroleptic drugs in the late prodromal stages. If such strategies were able to suppress the progress to first psychotic episodes, this prevention could be classified as a primary prevention, not with regard to the prodromal symptoms but to frank/manifest schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:[Is there a primary prevention of schizophrenic psychiasis?]. 1153 60

While the treatment of positive symptoms of patients with schizophrenic psychosis appeared until recently to be solely pharmacotherapeutic, new research findings show the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy (CBT) on positive symptoms in chronic psychotic patients. In addition, the effectiveness even in acute and recent-onset psychosis could be shown in some studies. The effects of CBT and standard care in psychosis compared to standard care alone and to other psychosocial interventions plus standard care are reviewed. The results of several studies and one meta-analysis show that CBT in schizophrenia patients has a direct effect on psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations as well as on relapse prevention. In routine settings,however,CBT has until now only rarely been delivered to these patients. In so-called large pragmatic trials, which might be subsumed as phase IIIb studies, the effects are tested. The therapeutic approach with the components of CBT for psychosis are described: building a therapeutic relationship, cognitive-behavioural coping strategies, developing an understanding of the experience of psychosis,working on hallucinations and delusions, addressing negative self-evaluations, anxiety, and depression,managing risk of relapse and social disability. Further clinical implications are described (capability of learning the therapeutic strategies, deliverability in broader clinical settings, acceptability by patients, combination with atypical neuroleptic drugs,and treatment of choice in risk populations).
 ...
PMID:[Psychotherapy of positive symptoms in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia psychosis]. 1259 31

The aim of this paper was to define emotional responses of the patients with diagnosed schizophrenic psychosis to their illness. It was also intended to recognize the attitudes of patients' families and more distant social environment towards them. The study was conducted on 84 patients of the Neuropsychiatric Hospital, both hospitalized and ambulant, treated in Mental Outpatient Clinic and, simultaneously, taken care of by Social Self-Help Home "Misericordia". All the examined patients met the diagnostic criteria in accordance with ICD-10 for schizophrenic psychosis or schizophrenic disorder; all were in the period of symptomatic remission. The study was carried out in the years 2000-2001, using the distributed inquiry questionnaire technique. The supplementary source of information was case records of the examined patients. The predominant feelings of schizophrenics at the moment of becoming aware of having fallen ill with mental disease were fear (anxiety) and sorrow. The passage of time caused changes in emotional responses to mental illness. At the moment of the study the predominant feelings were the acceptance of illness and the sense of inferiority because of it. The sufferers of schizophrenia experienced mainly sympathy, acceptance of the illness and indifference in the environment outside the family circle.
 ...
PMID:Emotional responses of patients with schizophrenia to their illness. Attitudes of social environment towards schizophrenes. 1289 8

Instead of consulting a psychiatrist, many schizophrenic patients prefer to be treated by their family doctor. The present article describes the typical problems encountered by family doctors treating such patients, and offers practical tips and suggestions. Points of special emphasis are, how to relate to acutely ill schizophrenics, depending on the type of schizophrenia presenting (maniform-aggressive, delusional or hallucinatory), emergency psychopharmacological treatment in acute schizophrenic psychosis, detection of emergent schizophrenia as early as possible, local facilities available to help the schizophrenic patient.
 ...
PMID:[Problems with the treatment of schizophrenics in the doctor's office]. 1457 80

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a candidate compound for neuroprotection in human brain disease capable of combating a spectrum of pathophysiological processes operational during the progression of schizophrenic psychosis. The purpose of the present study was to prepare the ground for its application in a first neuroprotective add-on strategy in schizophrenia, aiming at improvement of cognitive brain function as well as prevention/slowing of degenerative processes. Using rodent studies, primary hippocampal neurons in culture, immunohistochemical analysis of human post-mortem brain tissue and nuclear imaging technology in man, we demonstrate that: (1) peripherally applied recombinant human (rh) EPO penetrates into the brain efficiently both in rat and humans, (2) rhEPO is enriched intracranially in healthy men and more distinctly in schizophrenic patients, (3) EPO receptors are densely expressed in hippocampus and cortex of schizophrenic subjects but distinctly less in controls, (4) rhEPO attenuates the haloperidol-induced neuronal death in vitro, and (4) peripherally administered rhEPO enhances cognitive functioning in mice in the context of an aversion task involving cortical and subcortical pathways presumably affected in schizophrenia. These observations, together with the known safety of rhEPO, render it an interesting compound for neuroprotective add-on strategies in schizophrenia and other human diseases characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive performance.
 ...
PMID:Erythropoietin: a candidate compound for neuroprotection in schizophrenia. 1458 31

It will be largely supposed that early intervention in schizophrenia improves the outcome of the illness. The paper summarizes the up today significant knowledge about the early recognition and treatment of schizophrenic psychosis in the adolescence. It will be pointed at the diagnostic difficulties and peculiarities in this age group. A comprehensive repeated assessment is necessary if prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia respectively psychotic states have to be taken in account. It will be pleaded for a early low dosis therapy with atypical neuroleptics to prevent the "psychotic catastrophe", that means the full outbreak of the disease. The pharmacotherapy should be a part of an intensive multimodal treatment program. The longstanding continuity of the relations to one and the same treatment setting and therapist responsible for it seems to influence the outcome positively.
 ...
PMID:[Dilemma of early drug intervention in prepsychotic illnesses of adolescence]. 1469 85

On the basis of recent developments in neuroscience, modern neuropsychology makes great contributions to the psychopathology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Those studies pay little attention to the will because of their cognitive orientation. However, the will forms an essential aspect of OCD according to Jaspers and Schneider. Based on a clinical case we discuss OCD from the point of view of will psychology. As our case concerns a schizophrenic psychosis, we focus here on OCD appearing in schizophrenia. For this approach we refer to classic neuropsychology which deals intensively with problems of the will. Accordingly, patients suffering from brain injuries are confined to habitual activities which follow unintentionally from the present situation. This sort of present-related spontaneousness is expressed in the concept "becoming." On the other hand, patients suffering from OCD are alienated from habitual activities. Lastly we discuss the relation between schizophrenia and OCD.
 ...
PMID:[A contribution to the psychopathology of obsessive-compulsive disorder]. 1472 63

Central nervous system (CNS) viral infections have been suggested to increase the risk of schizophrenia, although most of the evidence is indirect and comes from rather few studies on exposure to various infections in general. In the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort the association between schizophrenia and other psychoses and childhood CNS infections has been analysed, and in this paper we present the follow-up results up to the end of 1994 and 1997. Data regarding the infections were collected prospectively between 1966-1980 and data on psychoses from 1982. The registered psychiatric diagnoses were validated using the DSM-III-R classification. Out of the 11017 subjects (96% of all births in that year) 145 had suffered a CNS infection during childhood, which in 102 cases was a viral infection. In the follow-up to the end of 1994, 76 had schizophrenia, and their number increased to 100 to the end of 1997. In addition, up to the end of 1994, 52 patients had a non-schizophrenic psychosis. Four cases in the schizophrenia patient group and none of the patients with other psychosis had suffered a viral CNS infection. None of the schizophrenia cases and two of the patients with other psychosis had had a bacterial infection. The adjusted odds ratio for schizophrenia after a viral CNS infection was 4.8 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.6-14.0) in the follow-up to the end of 1994 and 2.5 (0.9-7.0) in the follow-up to the end of 1997. The clinical course variables did not differ between the schizophrenia patients with or without CNS infection. Our results suggest that viral CNS infections during childhood may have a role as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Their role may be modest at the population level due to their relative rareness.
 ...
PMID:Childhood central nervous system infections and risk for schizophrenia. 1499 73

Several experiments have shown an important relationship between schizophrenia and stress. People in Sarajevo and also, schizophrenic patients, who were in Sarajevo during the war, were exposed to frightful life experiences for over 1,300 days. The main goal of this investigation was evaluation of the course of schizophrenic psychosis in stress related war. Reason for this epidemiological study was a lack of knowledge about influence of war-stress on the course of schizophrenic psychosis, as well as, the fact that behavior of schizophrenic patients was changed during the war. This study was prospective, retrospective and controlled in its design. This influence of war related stress on the length and quality of remission of schizophrenic patients, the most common stress factors which impacted an schizophrenic patients during the war were identified, as wall as, different types and differences in demographic characteristics of patients who had different causes of schizophrenic psychosis. With this in mind, hypothesis between stress and course of schizophrenic psychosis were set. Experiment had covered those following groups: group (E), patients were hospitalized from 1.1.1987 to 31.12.1991, control group (K) patients were hospitalized from 1.1.1987 to 31.12.1991 but did not live in Sarajevo during the war and subsample of control group K (K1) which included schizophrenic patients who were hospitalized from 1.1.1987 to 31.12.1991, and were not treated in period from 6.4.1992 to 5.04.1995 despite the fact that they lived in Sarajevo during that period.
 ...
PMID:[Analysis of the effect of the stress of war on schizophrenic psychosis]. 1502 69


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>