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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The psychotic syndrome at the core of schizophrenia appears to be invariable across cultures. The risk of morbidity also seems to vary very little from country to country and over medium periods of time. Moreover, apart from gender differences in first onset, the cumulative lifetime risk is the same in females and males. A similar epidemiological pattern is only found in pathological conditions that are characterized by a precisely defined section of a psychopathological dimension with a continuous distribution in the population, e.g. severe mental retardation being the extreme section of normally distributed IQ values. The interpretation of schizophrenic psychosis as the extreme section of a psychopathological dimension or disposition that is almost evenly distributed in all populations is supported by the fact that milder psychiatric disorders occur more frequently before the onset of the psychosis and in close relatives of schizophrenic patients. The psychopathological heterogeneity of these disorders argues against the assumption of a manifest psychopathological dimension with a continuous transition from the schizophrenic psychosis to the "normal" schizothymic personality. More probable is a continuously distributed latent vulnerability to schizophrenia--with or without a threshold effect--which in severe degrees disposes to the uniform reaction pattern of the schizophrenia syndrome. Smaller degrees of vulnerability are associated with an increased risk for milder patterns of disturbances, which are also more strongly determined by environment and personality and therefore are rather heterogeneous. These assumptions lead to other epidemiological and genetic models than Kraepelin's early concept of a disease entity does.
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PMID:What is schizophrenia? Changing perspectives in epidemiology. 306 22

Twenty-six mentally retarded patients from a North Swedish geographically isolated population were studied. The mentally retarded patients were short with pycnic body type. Neurological and psychiatric stigmata of variating functions and degrees were recorded. Neurogenic hearing defects, impaired vision, pathological EEG, widened subarachnoidal space found in CT, were among these stigmata. In three patients a urinary substance, probably urocanyl-glycine, was found. The erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen-I-synthetase activity was high in four patients. Chromosome analysis showed some abnormalities which, however, were not systematically present. In the near family 23 persons with schizophrenia were found. The relationship between the mental retardation and the schizophrenic psychosis in the present families has not been explained. Further studies are called for to elucidate the genetic and environmental factors responsible for the two conditions.
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PMID:Mental retardation in a North Swedish isolate. 380 56

Thirty-four newly admitted patients who met the Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia were assessed on admission and in their 8th week of hospitalization. The data were obtained using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), and the Extrapyramidal Involvement Rating Scale (EPRS). A significant reduction in BPRS scores was observed on Week 8 scores compared with baseline scores (p less than .001); however, no significant difference could be found between baseline and Week 8 HAM-D scores. In addition, no significant correlation between the HAM-D scores and the EPRS scores was seen. Depressive symptoms appear to be present during the acute phase of schizophrenic psychosis and do not remit as rapidly as the psychotic symptoms.
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PMID:Depressive symptoms in acute schizophrenic hospitalized patients. 405 8

In this study first published in 1972, 218 relatives of 28 schizophrenic and a control group of 34 brain-damaged patients were interviewed and tested with the original Rorschach inkblot cards. In contrast to Rorschach surveys in the general population, the study revealed schizophrenia-like test results in approximately one quarter of the subjects, equally distributed among the relatives of schizophrenic and of brain-diseased patients. On the basis of individual and family history, genetic and psychodynamic hypotheses for these findings are discussed. The study clearly demonstrates that psychologically healthy and well-integrated persons may react in the Rorschach test as schizophrenic patients often do. In addition, neither these subjects nor their offspring show an increased incidence for a schizophrenic psychosis. It is concluded that a schizophrenia-like protocol is not an indicator for a "latent" schizophrenic psychosis.
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PMID:Schizophrenia-like Rorschach results among the consanguine relatives of schizophrenics. 408 55

Recently, increased brain and spinal fluid (CSF) norepinephrine (NE), and a decreased cAMP response to prostaglandin E1 (PgE1) stimulation of platelet NE sensitive adenylcyclase were observed in some schizophrenic patients. Low CSF dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was related to brain atrophy, whereas high plasma DBH was associated with tardive dyskinesia. Increased NE (in brain and CSF) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) levels and decreased plasma DBH activity in the brain were associated with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. Impaired NE transmission in schizophrenia may relate to disturbances in the autonomic nervous system, deficits in attention and information processing and to an impaired ability to deal with stress. Although pharmacological studies have suggested a major role for dopamine (DA) in schizophrenic psychosis, this review indicates the need for further exploration of the NE system. Future studies should address the relationship with DA, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), cerebral blood flow, brain metabolism, stress response, negative and prodromal symptoms.
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PMID:Impaired noradrenergic transmission in schizophrenia? 632 3

This article examines the evidence that certain deficits in information processing and attentional functioning are present across populations at risk for schizophrenic disorder, with active schizophrenic psychotic symptomatology, and in relative remission after a schizophrenic psychosis. In addition, the evidence that some deficits in processing information occur only in the actively psychotic period is inspected. Deficits in vigilance tasks with high-processing loads, in forced-choice span of apprehension for large arrays, and in serial recall for items that involve active rehearsal occur across risk populations, actively symptomatic schizophrenic patients, and relatively remitted schizophrenic patients. These deficits may reflect vulnerability factors for schizophrenic disorders. Reaction time crossover, dichotic listening, backward masking, and referential communication deficits might also be vulnerability indicators. These deficits may be related to a reduction in the processing capacity that is available for task-relevant cognitive operations in persons vulnerable to schizophrenic disorder, which could, in turn, be caused by several different underlying cognitive anomalies. Cognitive deficits that have been found only during actively psychotic periods or in chronic schizophrenic patients, such as poorer recognition of briefly presented, single, familiar letters or numbers, are characterized by low demands on processing capacity. These deficiencies may be caused by further reduction in available processing capacity or a temporary disruption of automatic as well as attention-demanding processes; they could also reflect a stable, more severe cognitive deficit in a subtype of schizophrenic disorder.
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PMID:Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders. 672 9

The clinical features as well as prognosis of schizophrenia manifesting by acute transient psychoses at a mature age were studied in 80 patients. Two types of manifesting attacks were described: the first one developed as an affective delirious state with fantastic subject matter of delirious emotional experience and with clouded consciousness; the second one developed as an acute paranoid. The latent period characterized by contractive reactive lability preceded transient psychoses as the disease manifestation. Psychic disorders that followed depended on the reactive lability of the latent period. The clinical course was slow-progressive; the repeated "clishe"-like attacks developed transiently. External pathogenic effects influence on transient psychoses clinical course is discussed. The peculiar variants of schizophrenic psychosis developing as transient attacks, which appeared to be reactions by their mechanism but fhyft by their clinical matter, are also discussed.
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PMID:[Clinical features of schizophrenia manifesting itself as transitory psychoses]. 682 55

The literature on the simulation of psychosis is reviewed and six patients who were thought to be feigning a schizophrenic psychosis were studied. On follow-up, all but one of the patients became overtly schizophrenic. It is argued that the simulation of schizophrenia is a prodromal phase of the psychosis occurring in extremely deviant premorbid personalities.
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PMID:Feigned psychosis--a review of the simulation of mental illness. 688 98

The paper describes premorbid features of patients with late endogenous depressions and presents relevant genealogical data. Schizophrenic psychoses which were constantly found in these families were most thoroughly studied. These studies demonstrated intrafamial similarities of mental disorders, despite the presence of different disease entities in probands and their relatives with schizophrenia. The assumption is made on the affinity of some of the studied late endogenous psychoses to a constitutional-genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.
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PMID:[Constitutional-genetic characteristics of families of probands with late endogenous depressions]. 741 11

The significance of the suicide problem for patients showing first symptoms of schizophrenic disorders between 14 and 18 years of age is presented in a long-term follow-up study including two follow-up periods after a minimum of 5 and 11 years. The suicide rate of 13.1% is significantly higher than in other studies with patients who developed a schizophrenic psychosis in a later period of life. In addition, there is a significant sex difference in the rate of suicide--21.5% of the men and 6% of the women--although the latter made more attempts at suicide.
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PMID:Suicide among schizophrenic adolescents in the long-term course of illness. 770 Oct 67


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