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 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study examined depression, anxiety, coping styles, optimism, selected personality characteristics, and perception of family environment among candidates for liver transplantation (OLTX); the goal was to measure and empirically describe psychosocial factors reported to impact on the experience and outcome of transplantation. Subjects were 73 US military veterans being considered for OLTX at the VAMC-Pittsburgh (UD) from 1994 to 1996. Psychological evaluation consisted of chart review, consultation with the transplant team, clinical interview and administration of published, standardized, and readily available psychological tests. Candidates displayed above normal levels of situational anxiety and depression, mainly adaptive coping styles, mild optimism, and positive family environments. Factor analysis of the data identified two dimensions of psychological distress, five coping styles, and three types of family environment. The composite MMPI-2 profile for the sample shows marked elevations of the neurotic triad and moderate elevations of psychasthenia and schizophrenia scales. Psychological distress, psychopathology, coping styles, optimism, and perceptions of family environment correlate with each other in the directions suggested by the literature. These findings support previous research with empirical data; results encourage the development of consistent psychological protocols and procedures to evaluate and treat organ transplant candidates.
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PMID:Psychological characteristics of candidates for liver transplantation. 978 51

With increasing focus on community-based mental health services, family caregivers require and deserve professional support. The aim of the paper is to provide information useful to mental health professionals planning to run support groups for family caregivers in chronic mental illness. The data presented here combine qualitative information with quantitative information. From 36 group members who were caring for a relative with schizophrenia, eight were selected with extreme positions on four intake dimensions: (i) length of time since patient's diagnosis; (ii) amount of carer-patient contact; (iii) level of psychological distress; and (iv) level of rejecting attitudes to the patient. Differences in the responses of these individuals to the group meetings, as shown by their comments on both short and long-term effects, suggest how meetings, as shown by their comments on both short and long-term effects, suggest how groups might be selected and structured for maximum effectiveness. While all carers wanted better mental health rehabilitation services, accurate information regarding their relatives' illness and respect from mental health professionals, their length of experience as carers fundamentally affected their responsiveness to the discussion topics.
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PMID:Responses to support groups for family caregivers in schizophrenia: who benefits from what? 980 67

The development of a questionnaire to measure the coping style of people caring for a relative with schizophrenia is described. Data on the psychometric properties of this questionnaire are reported for a sample of 91 carers. It is shown that coping style is associated with carer burden and psychological distress. In particular, the coping styles 'collusion', 'criticism/coercion', 'overprotectiveness', 'emotional over-involvement' and 'resignation' were found to be associated with higher levels of carer burden, and the coping style 'warmth' was found to be associated with lower levels of carer burden.
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PMID:The relationship between coping style and burden in the carers of relatives with schizophrenia. 982 52

The purpose of this study is to explore the influences of family coping behaviors, psychological distress, social support, and patient behavioral problems on family functioning in families providing care for a member with schizophrenia. Family stress theory provided the theoretical framework for this study. A convenience sample of 58 families providing care for a family member with schizophrenia was recruited from a metropolitan area in a southeastern state. The majority of the caregivers were mothers who were married and college educated. The mean age of the caregiver was 59 years, with an average of 17 years in providing care for the family member. Findings indicate that family psychological distress and patient behavioral problems are important factors in family functioning. This knowledge may be useful for mental health nurses in assessing families and developing nursing interventions.
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PMID:Family functioning in families providing care for a family member with schizophrenia. 1040 91

This paper presents the state of the art of our current knowledge in the field of female psychiatry. This domain of mental health studies the particularities of psychological distress in women. It is a new concept, and its creation is subtended by some clinical and epidemiological realities. The creation of this very interesting field of research has been promoted on the one hand because of the existence of certain female-specific psychiatric disorders (premenstrual syndrome, post-partum psychopathologies, pseudocyesis, Ferjol's syndrome and menopause-related disorders) and on the other hand because the vast majority of mental diseases may be expressing major gender-related variations (prevalence, natural history of disease, symptomatology, prognosis and treatment outcome). Research in female psychiatry has numerous goals. First of all, the sex-based differences in the prevalence of mental disorders (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, anorexia nervosa, personality disorders) has to be understood (are they artefacts, or the expression of hormonal or genetic influence, or a consequence of social factors, or even the result of brain development?). Second, the specific nature of some of these diseases is under investigation (e.g., is postnatal depression a classical major depressive disorder or a puerperal-specific disease?). And third, treatments must be adapted accordingly. Indeed, the study of female psychiatry attempts the integration of the gender-effect in order to improve the treatment modalities.
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PMID:[Psychiatry of women: an new field of research in mental health]. 1119 92

Patients suffering from schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder may progressively worsen and become severely disabled, and may then be classified as suffering from severe and enduring mental illness. Concern about risk to self and others focuses on this patient group, and community psychiatric nurses (CPNs) are under pressure to target patients with this diagnosis. CPNs have been accused of neglecting patients with a severe and enduring diagnosis in favour of other patient groups, but if they restrict services at primary care level this may have serious implications for patients. Patients who have had no previous contact with mental health services may have potentially serious and life threatening conditions. For example, depressed men may not be categorized as severely mentally ill, but the suicide rate amongst this patient group is very high, and they may externalize depression and resort to violence if untreated. Depressed men may lack social support and the means to express psychological distress, and these factors may precipitate or exacerbate depression. Early referral and assessment can prevent crises, deterioration in mental health and suicide. CPNs do not necessarily have to provide ongoing care following assessment, but they do have a significant role to play in primary health care referrals for the non-psychotic mentally ill. CPNs act as a filter for the expertise and resources of multidisciplinary mental health teams. General practitioners will have increasing difficulty accessing the resources of multidisciplinary mental health teams if CPNs are unable to accept primary health care referrals. Primary care interventions are very important for the assessment of depression because they may help men to express psychological distress and assist them to access appropriate services and treatment. The experience of working with depressed men in a primary health care setting revealed that many lack confidants, or do not confide in those close to them. The interview schedule designed by Brown & Harris (1978) to gather data on the relationships of depressed women was used to explore the relationships of depressed men who were attending a Mental Health Day Centre.
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PMID:Depressed men: an exploratory study of close relationships. 1187 96

The EPSILON project (European Psychistric Services: Inputs Linked to Outcomes and Needs) is a cross-sectional study of the clinical and social characteristics, needs, satisfaction with services, quality of life, and service utilisation and costs for people with schizophrenia in five European sites (Amsterdam, Copenhagen, London, Santander, and Verona). This study examined five hypotheses: (1) Men will have more total needs and more unmet needs for: 'accommodation', 'substance misuse', 'psychotic symptoms', 'harm to others', and 'sexual expression', whereas women will have more total needs and more unmet needs in the domains of 'childcare' and 'harm to self'. (2) Caregivers of male patients will show higher rates of psychological distress, and higher scores for 'supervision' and 'urging' than caregivers of female patients. (3) Male and female patients will show similar levels of satisfaction with services, both in total scores and subscores. (4) Male patients will show lower objective quality of life, but similar subjective quality of life compared with women. (5) Service utilization for men and women will differ, and patterns will vary by site. The results confirmed hypotheses 1 (in part) and 3, but failed to support hypotheses 2, 4 and 5. Graphical models were used to generate hypotheses for future research. The implications for planning separate services for male and female schizophrenic patients are discussed.
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PMID:Gender differences in living with schizophrenia. A cross-sectional European multi-site study. 1222 50

An earlier study explored the influence of psychosocial variables (family coping behaviors, family psychological distress, family social support, and patient behavioral problems) on family functioning in 58 families providing care for a family member with schizophrenia. The purpose of this article is to explore what living with schizophrenia is like for families by conducting a thematic analysis of the qualitative data they provided during the study. Five recurrent themes were identified in the analysis of the qualitative data: overwhelming feelings, importance of medication, legal system difficulties, family and friends, and mental health professionals.
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PMID:A thematic analysis of families living with schizophrenia. 1243 27

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness, which is stressful not only for patients, but also for family members. Numerous studies have demonstrated that family caregivers of persons with a severe mental illness suffer from significant stresses, experience moderately high levels of burden, and often receive inadequate assistance from mental health professionals. Effective family functioning in families with schizophrenia may be influenced by a variety of psychosocial factors. The purpose of this article was to present a review of the social science literature related to families living with schizophrenia that has been published during the last three decades. There is general agreement in the literature that a multitude of variables affect families with a severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia. Therefore, this literature review examined the most frequently investigated variables (coping, psychological distress and caregiver burden, social support, caregiver resiliency and depression, and client behavioral problems) as they are related to families and schizophrenia.
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PMID:Families living with severe mental illness: a literature review. 1255 27

The question addressed in this paper is whether different coping styles mediate the relationship between psychopathology and related distress and the quality of life (QOL) among patients with schizophrenia. In a cross-sectional design, 161 schizophrenia inpatients were comprehensively evaluated with standardized measures of QOL, psychopathology, psychological distress and coping styles. Correlations and regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship among parameters and to estimate the mediating effect of coping styles on QOL in the framework of a distress/protection model. Life quality correlated positively with task- and avoidance-oriented coping styles and slightly negatively with emotion-oriented coping. Emotion-oriented coping mediated the relationship between the severity of activation, anxiety/depression symptoms, and QOL, while avoidance-oriented (distraction) coping was mediated between QOL and paranoid symptoms. Coping styles accounted for 25% of the variance in subjective QOL scores compared with 15% for psychological distress, and only 3% for clinical variables. The ability to cope with symptoms and associated distress substantially contributes to QOL appraisal in schizophrenia. Thus, different coping strategies may reduce the negative influence of specific symptoms and related distress on the subjective QOL of schizophrenia patients.
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PMID:Quality of life and coping with schizophrenia symptoms. 1262 13


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