Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A group of 46 persons who had attempted suicide by jumping was compared on clinical and social-demographic parameters with another group of 214 persons who had attempted suicide by drug overdose. The differential characteristics of persons attempting suicide by jumping are the following: more often men, of a more advanced age, married or widowed, more often suffering from major psychopathology (that is affective psychosis-depressive type or schizophrenia), and quite frequently having a serious somatic illness.
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PMID:Attempted suicide by jumping: clinical and social features. 338 78

Based on an interview with the closest family member, using the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia--SADS, a retrospective psychiatric assessment and diagnostic classification was carried out on 200 completed suicides. Eighty-one per cent of the victims had a recent psychiatric disorder, in 63% depression. The prevalence of psychiatric illnesses was similar to that of other studies from countries with lower suicide rates.
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PMID:Retrospective psychiatric assessment of 200 suicides in Budapest. 338 82

Suicide seems to be increasing in young people in various countries and causes the greatest loss of years of life under the age of 65 in the Swedish population. Data from a national survey of 50,465 conscripts in Sweden were used in a prospective follow up study to assess personality and behavioural predictors of suicide in young men. Altogether 247 completed suicides occurred in the cohort during 13 years' follow up. Baseline data on social conditions, psychological assessments, and psychiatric diagnoses of the conscripts were entered into a Cox regression model with suicide as the outcome variable. Several early indicators of antisocial personality (poor emotional control, contact with a child welfare authority or the police, and lack of friends) were strongly predictive of suicide. None of the few conscripts who had a diagnosis of schizophrenia or affective psychosis committed suicide. A diagnosis of neurosis was associated with a twofold increase in the suicide rate and personality disorder with a threefold increase. Although the risk of suicide is difficult to assess in an unselected population owing to the low base rate of suicide, the predictors identified in the study may help to identify those at high risk in units where people with deviant behaviour and personality disorders cluster.
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PMID:Predictors of completed suicide in a cohort of 50,465 young men: role of personality and deviant behaviour. 340 55

In order to assess risk factors for suicide among patients with schizophrenia, we compared 32 patients with schizophrenia who committed suicide during an 11 year follow-up with a control group of 64 schizophrenics who did not commit suicide. A history of previous suicide attempts was the factor most strongly related to suicide. In females we found an increased risk for suicide among unmarried, divorced or widowed and among those living alone. In males we found an increased risk among those with a history of alcohol abuse. In contrast to findings in other studies, distribution of age and sex and a history of depressive episodes were factors not associated with an increased risk for suicide. We conclude that suicidal acts among schizophrenics are often impulsive and difficult to predict. Traditional risk scales are of limited value in the clinical assessment of suicidal risk.
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PMID:Risk factors for suicide among patients with schizophrenia. 342 68

In a comparative, retrospective study, the authors investigated the use of a psychiatric inpatient service by the emergency and consultation services in a public general hospital. The investigators collected data from a three-year period regarding demographic, clinical and hospital stay variables associated with all patients admitted for inpatient care. Consultation service patients were more likely than emergency service patients to have attempted suicide and to have a diagnosable medical condition. They were less likely to have a prior psychiatric admission or to have schizophrenia or other psychotic conditions. The authors discuss these and other findings in terms of policy and clinical practice.
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PMID:Inpatient service utilization as a function of referral source. 344 Jul 5

Suicide was attempted by 1641 people (502 males and 1139 females) in Singapore during 1980. Eleven of these committed suicide during the following three years, giving a suicide rate of 0.67%. Of the eleven suicides, five had schizophrenia and three depression. The risk of suicide in the year following attempted suicide is lower in Singapore (0.5%) than in Britain (1.6%). High risk factors for the Singapore patients were being Chinese, being male, and having a mental illness.
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PMID:Suicide following parasuicide in Singapore. 344 71

An earlier literature noted consistently that depressive symptoms appear to bode well for outcome in schizophrenia and related disorders. Although this view is psychodynamically plausible, most of the studies suggesting it have substantial shortcomings. In particular, most studies have been confounded by the effects of variations in duration and history of disorder, which have a major influence on both affective expression and outcome. A contrary view is that depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders suggest an increased risk of self-harm and social dysfunction, just as these symptoms do in individuals with other disorders. The substantial risks of mortality and morbidity from self-harm, the link between suicide and depression, and the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in the acute and chronic stages of the disorder have all been documented in people diagnosed as having schizophrenia. Social influences are well known to be crucial to the course and outcome of schizophrenia. The expectations of others and patients' own attitudes to their illness are also known to influence outcome. Despite this, there is no longitudinal study of first admission patients to allow us to examine the possible intervening or other role of depression in the development of chronic disability.
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PMID:Re-evaluation of the evidence on the prognostic importance of schizophrenic and affective symptoms. 344 41

High risk suicide factors both in India and in the United States are examined. In India these are: humiliation, reputational and economic loss, poverty, examination failure, relationship disappointments, disputes with spouse and inlaws, property disputes, loss of loved one, and chronic medical illnesses. In the United States major depressions, schizophrenia, alcoholism, recent loss(es), retirement, limited social support system, age over 45 and high risk low rescue situations are significant. Most of high risk suicide factors in India apparently are related to interpersonal and socioeconomic causes, whereas in the United States these relate to individual and psychiatric causes. These interesting differences are discussed.
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PMID:High risk suicide factors across cultures. 367 26

A mortality study was performed on 1190 patients with schizophrenia discharged from hospitals in Stockholm County during 1971. By means of a linkage between the Stockholm County inpatient register and the national cause-of-death register, all deaths through 1981 were identified. Compared with the general population, the schizophrenics had an approximately twofold increase in overall mortality. The excess mortality was found in all causes of death but was particularly high in "unnatural death". The suicide mortality was approximately ten times higher among male schizophrenics and 18 times higher among female schizophrenics than in the general population. The methodologic problems with register studies are numerous, but the medical information system used in the study is of great value for psychiatric epidemiologic research.
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PMID:Mortality in schizophrenia. A ten-year follow-up based on the Stockholm County inpatient register. 371 67

Psychiatric disorders are common in medical inpatient and outpatient populations. As a result, internists commonly are the first to see psychiatric emergencies. As with all medical problems, a good history, including a collateral history from relatives and friends, physical and mental status examination, and appropriate laboratory tests help establish a preliminary diagnosis and treatment plan. Patients with suicidal ideation usually have multiple stressors in the environment and/or a psychiatric disorder (i.e., a major affective disorder, dysthymic disorder, anxiety or panic disorder, psychotic disorder, alcohol or drug abuse, a personality disorder, and/or an adjustment disorder). Of all patients who commit suicide, 70% have a major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, psychotic organic mental disorder, alcoholism, drug abuse, and borderline personality disorder. Patients who are at great risk have minimal supports, a history of previous suicide attempts, a plan with high lethality, hopelessness, psychosis, paranoia, and/or command self-destructive hallucinations. Treatment is directed toward placing the patient in a protected environment and providing psychotropic medication and/or psychotherapy for the underlying psychiatric problem. Other psychiatric emergencies include psychotic and violent patients. Psychotic disorders fall into two categories etiologically: those that have an identifiable organic factor causing the psychosis and those that have an underlying psychiatric disorder. Initially, it is essential to rule out organic pathology that is life-threatening or could cause irreversible brain damage. After such organic causes are ruled out, neuroleptic medication is indicated. If the patient is not agitated or combative, he or she may be placed on oral divided doses of neuroleptics in the antipsychotic range. Patients who are agitated or psychotic need rapid tranquilization with an intramuscular neuroleptic every half hour to 1 hour until the agitation and combativeness are under control. Haloperidol (Haldol) is the safest neuroleptic. Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), perphenazine (Trilafon), and, in the elderly, thiothixene (Navane) can also be useful if haloperidol (Haldol) is not effective and more sedation is needed; these drugs, however, produce more side effects. Violent patients need to be physically restrained and then given antipsychotic medication or, in the case of drug abuse or alcohol withdrawal, the appropriate drug management.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Psychiatric emergencies. 373 71


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