Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The group of subjects consisted of 44 patients (attempters) who were admitted to hospital for treatment because of attempted suicide during a 3-month period in Norther Savo (in Eastern Finland), another 44 patients (non-attempters) admitted to hospital in the same period for other reasons serving as controls. The number of women was the same in both groups, and so was, in consequence, the number of men. The study compared the attempters with the non-attempters and, in addition, the patients coming from urban areas with those coming from rural areas, the ratio of the urban to the rural patients being the same in both groups. The study was based on personal psychiatric interviews with the patients, which took place in each case both immediately following the patient's admission and precisely 3 months afterwards. The results showed that schizophrenia was significantly more frequent in the rural than in the urban attempter group. By contrast, alcoholism and alcohol abuse were more frequent in the urban than in the rural attempter group. Compared with the urban patients, the rural patients tended to be physically more seriously desordered. Poisoning by drugs was a significantly more frequent means of attempted suicide in the urban than in th rural group. The patients in the latter group, again, had resorted oftener to the so-called "active" methods of attempted suicide. Of the attempters, 25% attempted suicide anew during the 3-month follow-up period, the corresponding figure for the non-attempter group being only 6%. During the follow-up period, a greater number of suicidal attempts was made by the patients in the rural group than by those in the urban group, and, as regards the intent to succeed, the attempts of the former were more serious than those of the latter. The so-called "active" methods were used more often by rural than by urban patients also during the follow-up period. All in all, the self-destructive behaviour exhibited during the follow-up period was graver in the rural than in the urban group.
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PMID:A study of attempted suicides in urban versus rural areas, with a follow-up. 118 56

To characterize siucidal behavior among hospitalized medical and surgical patients, all suicide attempts in the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital were surveyed for seven years. Seventeen attempts occurred, non of them fatal. Only four patients were seriously ill, two with neoplasia. All the attempts were impulsive and were associated with stress and disturbances of impulse control. Anger, not depression, was the effect most often seen before the attempts. In all cases the precipitating stress was loss of emotional support. However, patient vulnerability to suicide seemed to be the key determinant. Fifteen patients had mental disorders, including eight with personality disorders, three with schizophrenia, three with organic brain syndromes, and one with manic depressive psychosis. Seven were psychotic, and six had made prior suicide attempts. These findings suggest that the characteristics of impulsive suicide should be considered when a suicide prevention program is being developed for a general hospital.
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PMID:Suicide attempts by hospitalized medical and surgical patients. 124 68

A two-year sample of 179 consecutive suicides in Monroe County, New York, was divided according to the presence or absence of previous psychiatric contacts based on a country-wide psychiatric case register (PCR). After a brief description of the total suicide group, the 45% of suicides with PCR contacts are compared to the suicides without such contacts and to the total PCR population. Findings suggest that there are some important differences between psychiatric patients at high risk for suicide compared to other groups. The PCR suicides were almost equally male or female, had a median age of 42 years, had high proportions of persons divorced or widowed, and unemployed or retired. Persons diagnosed as alcohol abusers, or as having affective psychosis, depressive neurosis, or schizophrenia were especially at risk.
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PMID:Suicide by persons with and without psychiatric contacts. 125 97

The purpose of the study was to clarify the attitude of patients with schizophrenia and paranoid psychoses towards hospital personnel and treatment procedures during the two pre-suicidal months. The study was carried out on subjects from south Finland who had committed suicide during a three-year period and had been treated under these diagnoses. The controls included suicides who had received psychiatric treatment for other reasons. A questionnaire was issued to ascertain the opinions of the doctor last in charge of the patient and other personnel. Both groups answered independently, and the opinions given were almost the same. Both groups stated that during the last pre-suicidal months the patients with schizophrenia and paranoid psychoses had shown a more negative or indifferent attitude towards personnel than the controls, and their attitude towards medication had been clearly more negative. Among them there were considerably more patients who had ceased to request support or attention. Thus these patients had developed a degree of despair which manifested itself in a negative attitude towards personnel and treatment.
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PMID:Attitude to psychiatric treatment before suicide in schizophrenia and paranoid psychoses. 125 1

The authors studied 76 patients from 51-87 years who attempted to commit suicide. The main diagnostic categories were involutional, senile and reactive psychoses, alcoholism, and schizophrenia. The main syndromes during which such acts were attempted were anxious-depressive, depressive-hypochondriacal and depressive-delusional. The formation of suicidal tendency was precipitated by age involution, somatical disorders, psychogenic traumas. In most of the patients following the suicidal attempt, there were mental disorders, conditioned both by the main psychic disturbance and by the personality reaction to the suicidal act, due to which special psychiatric treatment was necessary.
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PMID:[Suicide attempts in the involutional and aged periods]. 126 13

A study was made of burns patients who were referred for psychiatric problems. There were a total of 69 subjects, divided into three groups. The first group comprised thirty-four cases who attempted suicide by burning themselves--there were more women than men, the majority were less than forty years, and Indians were overrepresented. The majority of these were suffering from schizophrenia or a major depressive disorder. The second group of twenty-three patients were those who had a non-psychotic psychological reaction to their burns. The majority were also less than 40 years of age, and the main reactions were anxiety neurosis or reactive depression. The third group of twelve patients were suffering from delirium. All were pyrexic and in eleven, infective agents were cultured. Some of them also had electrolyte abnormalities and two had respiratory burns.
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PMID:Psychiatric disorders associated with burns. 129 99

Cytomegalovirus infection has a number of features that suggest a possible association between congenital infection and schizophrenia. Previous studies have investigated anticytomegalovirus antibody titers or attempted directly to identify viral antigens in body fluids or brain tissue from schizophrenic subjects but have been limited by the sensitivity of the available methods. The highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction, a newly developed technique for gene amplification, was used to search for cytomegalovirus in the DNA extracted from postmortem temporal cortex samples of eight schizophrenic subjects, eight nonschizophrenic suicide victims, and eight normal controls. Cytomegalovirus-specific DNA amplification was not detected in any of the samples. The implications of this finding for the viral hypothesis of schizophrenia are discussed.
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PMID:Search for cytomegalovirus in the postmortem brains of schizophrenic patients using the polymerase chain reaction. 130 17

The specific binding of the D2-dopamine receptor antagonist radioligand [3H] raclopride was quantitated in the postmortem caudate and frontal cortex from schizophrenic suicide victims and control subjects. In schizophrenic suicides the density of binding sites (Bmax) was higher (40%, P < 0.05) in the caudate, whereas it did not change in the cortex as compared to those in controls. The apparent dissociation constants (KD) were also found increased both in caudate (24%) and cortex (75%) from schizophrenics, but these apparent decreases in receptor affinity did not reach statistical significance. The mean Bmax value in drug-free schizophrenic suicides (n = 3) did not differ from the Bmax value in neuroleptic drug-treated schizophrenics (n = 7) but it was found increased in respect to control subjects (n = 9). No differences in [3H] raclopride binding were observed between non-schizophrenic suicide victims (n = 4) and matched controls (n = 4), suggesting that the modifications of D2-dopamine receptors in schizophrenia are not related to suicide.
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PMID:Increased [3H] raclopride binding sites in postmortem brains from schizophrenic violent suicide victims. 136 55

Low concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with suicidal behaviour in patients with depressive illness, but studies of the relation between CSF 5-HIAA and suicide in schizophrenia have been inconclusive and have not included long-term follow-up. In a prospective study, we measured 5-HIAA in CSF taken from 30 schizophrenic patients in a drug-free state, and followed these patients for 11 years. 10 patients made suicide attempts during follow-up. Suicide attempters had significantly lower concentrations of CSF 5-HIAA at initial evaluation than non-attempters (mean [SE] 6.7 [2.2] vs 23.6 [5.6] ng/ml, p < 0.05). Our findings provide further evidence of the relation between serotoninergic dysfunction and suicide, and suggest a role for drugs with serotoninergic effects in schizophrenia.
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PMID:5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and prediction of suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia. 138 59

Inadequate treatment of mood (affective) disorders is related to the mind/body dualism, desinformation about methods of treatment, the stigma of psychiatry, low funding of psychiatric research, low educational priority, and slow acquisition of new knowledge of psychiatry. The "respectable minority rule" has often been accepted without regard to the international expertise, and the consequences of undertreatment have not been weighed against the benefits of optimal treatment. The risk of chronicity increases with delayed treatment, and inadequately treated affective disorders are a leading cause of suicide. During the past 20 years the increase in suicide mortality in Norway has been the second largest in the world. Severe mood disorders are often misclassified as schizophrenia or other non-affective psychoses. Atypical mood disorders, notably rapid cycling and bipolar mixed states, are often diagnosed as personality, adjustment, conduct, attention deficit, or anxiety disorders, and even mental retardation. Neuroleptic drugs may suppress the most disturbing features of mood disorders, a fact often misinterpreted as supporting the diagnosis of a schizophrenia-like disorder. Treatment with neuroleptics is not sufficient, however, and serious side effects may often occur. The consequences are too often social break-down and post-depression syndrome.
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PMID:[Inadequate treatment of affective disorders]. 141 90


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