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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Schizophrenia is a continuing and relapsing disorder that begins in early adulthood and lasts indefinitely. Effective treatment, therefore, needs to be long-term and comprehensive. The physician must be able to control disabling symptoms while minimizing the side effects of neuroleptic medication. The lifetime risk remains of depression and suicide, paranoid crisis, social distress and frequent rehospitalization. It is a medical responsibility not only to look after the schizophrenic patient's health but also to coordinate social and emergency services, improve the quality of life, support the family and anticipate problems in offspring. At the time, the physician needs to consider the welfare of the community in which the schizophrenic patient lives.
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PMID:Management of the schizophrenic patient. 3 18

The steady rise in the promiscuous use of phencyclidine (PCP) as a "recreational" drug has recently gained nationwide attention because of the numerous violent and/or bizarre incidents caused by the use of this drug. Because the media often exaggerate reports of bizarre and violent behavior to make a "good" story, the potential PCP user may be tempted to ignore the media warnings. In the case of PCP, however exaggerated the story, a real danger does exist. So, despite numerous newspaper, radio and television warnings about the possible consequences of PCP use and abuse, the incidence of toxic reactions continues to climb. In many cases PCP is sold as other drugs, particularly THC, and in various colored capsules, tablets, liquids and crystals which may explain the increased usage despite the numerous warnings against its use. The advances in laboratory techniques and chemical processess have enabled the clandestine chemist to prepare relatively pure PCP and thus eliminate many of the toxic side effects due to impurities in the drug. In addition, 30 or more psychoactive PCP analogues have been developed and are starting to make an appearance on the street. PCP is perhaps the most potent psychotomimetic compound known at the present time and is capable of inducing a psychosis which is clinically indistinguishable from schizophrenia. The psychosis-producing effects of PCP are the most common toxic effects seen in hospital emergency rooms; but as the amount of PCP taken and/or the simultaneous involvement of other drugs, particularly barbiturates, occurs, severe medical problems (e.g., coma, seizures, respiratory arrest) begin to appear. Death from high doses of PCP or PCP plus other drugs does occur, but the principal cause of death from PCP abuse is due to trauma, homicide or suicide (usually of the bizarre or violent form). Young adult males, persons predisposed to mental illness and naive drug users appear to be the most susceptible to the adverse effects of PCP. The fact that chronic PCP users are starting to increase in number is mute testimony that not all users experience "bad trips" with PCP. Unfortunately for the user, however, this does not guarantee that the next trip will not be a bad one. The effects of chronic use seem to be twofold: severe depression with suicidal thoughts and numerous violent, agitated behavioral patterns. Neither seems to be a suitable alternative. At the present time there is not specific antidote for toxic PCP reactions and the prolonged psychosis induced in some cases does not appear to respond to the standard antipsychotic medications as quickly as do the functional psychoses. The major improvement from a medical standpoint is the development of more sensitive laboratory techniques to confirm the presence of PCP in body fluids. This advance has undoubtedly led to the apparent increase in the number of PCP cases reported by hospitals and to the accuracy of clinical diagnosis by medical, drug or law enforcement communities...
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PMID:PCP (phencyclidine): an update. 4 8

An act of suicide is understood as a sort of decompensation inside a schizophrenia, a cyclic psychosis as described by Leonhard, or a reactive depression, but is in particular the expression of a depressive reaction and the end result of a depressive neurotic development. 107 patients (55 men and 52 women) were under constant treatment because of suicide attempts: 37 cases of depressive neurosis, 23 cases of depressive reaction, 7 cases of reactive depression, 10 cases of hysterical reaction, 8 alcoholics, and 22 endogenous psychotics. In 1974 there were still 50 patients under examination. 22 patients were no longer alive, 15 of which had committed suicide. Check-ups showed that the depressive neurotics and reactive depressives had an emotive personality stress, whilst the cases of depressive reaction appeared mostly beyond help.
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PMID:[Catamnestic studies of 107 patients receiving inpatient treatment 1966-1969 because of attempted suicide]. 12 54

By reviewing causes of death among cohorts of various major disease entities or conditions, one may infer that a large majority of suicides are associated with a relatively small number of conditions. From the available follow-up studies, we might estimate that the following percentage of affected individuals will die by suicide: primary (endogenous) depression, 15 per cent; reactive (neurotic) depression, 15 per cent; alcoholism, 15 per cent; schizophrenia, 10 per cent; psychopathic personality, 5 per cent; opiate addiction, 10 per cent or more. Rough estimates of the number of suicides per year in the United States attributable to each condition might be as follows (using low incidence figures): depression, 12,900; alcoholism, 6,900; schizophrenia, 3,800; psychopathy, 2,000 (?); drug addiction, 900.
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PMID:Conditions predisposing to suicide: a review. 32 25

Psychiatric disorders were investigated in 74 patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (complex partial epilepsy). In all cases unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy had been performed during the period 1960-69. At follow-up in 1970-71, 45 patients were free from seizures, and in a further group of 15 patients seizure frequency had been substantially reduced. There were four postoperative deaths. Six patients were psychiatrically normal and had no history of any such disorder. Behavioural disturbances were observed in 55 patients. Before operation 11 patients displayed schizophrenia-like psychoses, and nine others became psychotic during follow-up. Fourteen patients attempted suicide on one or more occasions. Half the patients had diminished sexual drive. Improvement in psychiatric status was clearly correlated with relief from seizures and, in those cases with only a few or no seizures after operation, led directly to social rehabilitation. The presence or absence of a psychiatric disorder was not useful as a criterion for or against surgery.
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PMID:Mental aspects of temporal lobe epilepsy. Follow-up of 74 patients after resection of a temporal lobe. 43 35

Results of three separate studies comparing adult schizophrenic and other psychiatric patients suggest that premature death of a parent may be a contributing factor in the etiology of schizophrenia. This finding was not attributable to a genetically-linked tendency toward suicide in parents. Parental death was found to occur earlier among schizophrenics than other patients and, in two studies, to be most frequent among schizophrenics with predominantly paranoid symptoms.
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PMID:Early death of a parent as an etiological factor in schizophrenia. 47 30

This is the only prospective study of suicides in Singapore. Out of a total of 1,873 patients registered and treated in a private psychiatric practice from years 1968-1976, 25 patients were found to have committed suicide. Of these, 14 were found to suffer from schizophrenia and 11 from depressive illness. The suicide risk of all the patients under different categories were noted and when possible calculated. It is found that a schizophrenic patient who has attempted suicide carries the highest suicide risk.
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PMID:A prospective study of suicides among the mentally ill in a specialist practice. 54 71

Excess mortality was found in the first decade of follow-up for schizophrenia and affective disorders. This trend continued for schizophrenia throughout the entire four decades of the follow-up period. Suicides were higher than expected for all psychiatric groups except female schizophrenics and male manics. Accidental deaths were higher in these two groups, which did not show significantly excessive suicide rates. Suicides and accidental deaths were then excluded from the mortality analysis to determine their contribution to excess nortality. We conclude that death due to suicides and accidental deaths is not the sole cause for excess mortality, especially in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Excess mortality in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Do suicides and accidental deaths solely account for this excess? 69 36

The suicide rate is higher among those who suffer from a physically based psychosis than among the average population. The proportion of endogenous psychoses in suicides is assessed at about one third, and in attempted suicide about 15 per cent. Of the endogenous psychoses, schizophrenia and depression are the principal diseases causing suicidal actions, of the physically based psychoses, all diseases which cause disturbances of this kind, cerebral vascular sclerosis and epilepsy being particularly frequently represented.
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PMID:[Psychotic acts of suicide (author's transl)]. 80 94

Long-term (30-to 40-year) follow-up data for 76 manic patients, 182 depressives. 170 schizophrenics, and 109 controls showed that 10 per cent of the schizophrenics, 8.5 percent of the manics, and 10.6 percent of the depressives who were decreased had died by suicide. None of the controls had committed suicide. The authors suggest that suicide is a significant outcome factor in all three of these illnesses and is likely to occur at an earlier age in schizophrenia than in the other illnesses.
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PMID:The Iowa 500: suicide in mania , depression, and schizophrenia. 112 12


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