Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a study of 124 hospital residents with a learning disability aged 60 years and over, DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria were used to determine the prevalence of dementia (12.9%), mood disorder (8.9%) and schizophrenia (6.5%). The figure for dementia confirms the prevalence given in previous studies, but the figures for mood disorder and schizophrenia are higher. It was found that mood disorder was commoner in the age group 60-69 years (P > 0.01) and dementia was commoner in the age group 70-79 years (P > 0.01). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of schizophrenia with age.
 ...
PMID:Elderly people with learning disabilities in hospital: a psychiatric study. 817 23

A. Digital EEG is an established substitute for recording, reviewing, and storing a paper EEG record. It is a clear technical advance over previous paper methods. It is highly recommended. (Class III evidence, Type C recommendation). B. EEG brain mapping and other advanced QEEG techniques should be used only by physicians highly skilled in clinical EEG, and only as an adjunct to and in conjunction with traditional EEG interpretation. These tests may be clinically useful only for patients who have been well selected on the basis of their clinical presentation. C. Certain quantitative EEG techniques are considered established as an addition to digital EEG in: C.1. Epilepsy: For screening for possible epileptic spikes or seizures in long-term EEG monitoring or ambulatory recording to facilitate subsequent expert visual EEG interpretation. (Class I and II evidence, Type A recommendation as a practice guideline). C.2. OR and ICU monitoring: For continuous EEG monitoring by frequency-trending to detect early, acute intracranial complications in the OR or ICU, and for screening for possible epileptic seizures in high-risk ICU patients. (Class II evidence, Type B recommendation as a practice option). D. Certain quantitative EEG techniques are considered possibly useful practice options as an addition to digital EEG in: D.1. Epilepsy: For topographic voltage and dipole analysis in presurgical evaluations. (Class II evidence, Type B recommendation). D.2. Cerebrovascular Disease: Based on Class II and III evidence, QEEG in expert hands may possibly be useful in evaluating certain patients with symptoms of cerebrovascular disease whose neuroimaging and routine EEG studies are not conclusive. (Type B recommendation). D.3. Dementia: Routine EEG has long been an established test used in evaluations of dementia and encephalopathy when the diagnosis remains unresolved after initial clinical evaluation. In occasional clinical evaluations, QEEG frequency analysis may be a useful adjunct to interpretation of the routine EEG when used in expert hands. (Class II and III evidence as a possibly useful test, Type B recommendation). E. On the basis of current clinical literature, opinions of most experts, and proposed rationales for their use, QEEG remains investigational for clinical use in postconcussion syndrome, mild or moderate head injury, learning disability, attention disorders, schizophrenia, depression, alcoholism, and drug abuse. (Class II and III evidence, Type D recommendation). F. On the basis of clinical and scientific evidence, opinions of most experts, and the technical and methodologic shortcomings, QEEG is not recommended for use in civil or criminal judicial proceedings. (Strong Class III evidence, Type E recommendation). G. Because of the very substantial risk of erroneous interpretations, it is unacceptable for any EEG brain mapping or other QEEG techniques to be used clinically by those who are not physicians highly skilled in clinical EEG interpretation. (Strong Class III evidence, Type E recommendation).
 ...
PMID:Assessment of digital EEG, quantitative EEG, and EEG brain mapping: report of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. 922 9

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is caused by a microdeletion in the long arm of chromosome 22 and is associated with an increased frequency of schizophrenia and bipolar mood disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic, physical, developmental and psychiatric features of schizophrenic patients with VCFS microdeletion. It describes the clinical findings in four schizophrenic inpatients with the characteristic chromosomal deletion. The four patients displayed delayed motor development, language deficits, learning disabilities, mental retardation, early age of onset, chronic and disabling course of illness and poor response to classical neuroleptic drugs and electroconvulsive therapy. Two patients benefited from treatment with clozapine. We suggest that schizophrenic patients with a history of delayed motor development, early onset of the disorder, history of learning disability, mental retardation, congenital cardiac anomalies and/or hypernasal speech should be screened for the velo-cardio-facial syndrome deletion. The implications of this study for psychiatric phenotype, nosology, disease mechanism, and possible new treatments in the future are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Clinical characteristics of schizophrenia associated with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. 998 47

Digital EEG (DEEG) and quantitative EEG (QEEG) are recently developed tools present in many clinical situations. Besides showing didactic and research utility, they may also have a clinical role. Although a considerable amount of scientific literature has been published related to QEEG, many controversies still subsist regarding its clinical utilization. Clinical applications are: 1. DEEG is already an established substitute for conventional EEG, representing a clear technical advance. 2. Certain QEEG techniques are an established addition to DEEG for: 2a) screening for epileptic spikes or seizures in long-term recordings; 2b) Operation room and intensive care unit EEG monitoring. 3. Certain QEEG techniques are considered possible useful additions to DEEG: 3a) topographic voltage and dipole analysis in epilepsy evaluations; 3b) frequency analysis in cerebrovascular disease and dementia, mostly when other tests have been inconclusive. 4. QEEG remains investigational for clinical use in postconcussion syndrome, learning disability, attention disorders, schizophrenia, depression, alcoholism and drug abuse. EEG brain mapping and other QEEG techniques should be clinically used only by physicians highly skilled in clinical EEG interpretation and as an adjunct to traditional EEG work.
 ...
PMID:[Guidelines for recording/analyzing quantitative EEG and evoked potentials. Part II: Clinical aspects]. 1034 40

Chromosomal abnormalities that co-occur with psychiatric disorders can be useful direct pointers to the locus of susceptibility genes. Two families with pericentric inversions of chromosome 18, inv 18(p11.3 q21.1) and psychiatric illness have previously been described. We have fine mapped the chromosomal breakpoints of the rearrangement in a clinically well, inversion carrier from one of these families where other inversion carriers suffered from chronic schizophrenia or severe learning disability. Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) from the Whitehead/MIT physical maps of human chromosome 18 have been positioned relative to the chromosomal breakpoints and a number of YACs that span these breakpoints have been identified. Linkage and association studies have previously suggested these regions of chromosome 18q and 18p as candidate loci harbouring genes involved in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Mapping studies on a pericentric inversion (18) (p11.31 q21.1) in a family with both schizophrenia and learning disability. 1055 49

OCD patients represent a heterogeneous mix of clinical phenotypes, likely reflecting a wide range of genetic vulnerabilities. In other medical illnesses, neurobiologically-based traits with a genetic component that are associated with the target disorder have been successfully used to detect patients with a specific genetic liability to disease. The overlap between symptoms of OCD and Schizophrenia suggested that schizotypal traits could have the potential to distinguish a relatively homogeneous subtype of OCD. We obtained schizotypy scores for 119 affected adult probands who met lifetime criteria for DSM-IV OCD. Five subscales from the Structured Interview of Schizotypy were used to assess ideas of reference, suspiciousness, magical thinking, illusions and psychotic-like thought. Selected for their obvious face validity with the cardinal signs of schizophrenia, Cronbach's alpha suggested that these subscales also provided a reliable measure of positive sign schizotypy (0.83). Fifty percent of our OCD sample had mild to severe positive schizotypy signs. t- and chi2 tests of significance suggested seven variables that distinguished OCD patients with schizotypy, including earlier age of onset, greater number of comorbid diagnoses and increased rates of learning disability, aggressive and somatic obsessions and counting and arranging compulsions. Three of these seven variables, including learning disabilities, counting compulsions and history of specific phobia, significantly increased the odds of schizotypy among patients with lifetime OCD. These findings enhanced the validity of the schizotypy construct in OCD. Whether this schizotypy subtype can distinguish a subgroup of patients with relatively homogeneous genetic characteristics waits further investigation.
 ...
PMID:Evidence of a schizotypy subtype in OCD. 1069 29

Differences between patients being treated in two different medium secure units, one for those of normal intelligence and one for those with learning disability, were investigated. Sociodemographic, psychiatric, medical and medicolegal data were recorded for all inpatients in both secure units. Patients in the medium secure unit for those of normal intelligence were older at the time of the study and at conviction for the index offence, more likely to have been admitted from the penal system, and more likely to suffer from a psychotic disorder, particularly schizophrenia or a mood disorder. Their index offence was more likely to be homicide, attempted murder, manslaughter or grievous bodily harm, while that of the patients with learning disability was more likely to be a sexual offence. A need for separate medium secure unit facilities for those of normal intelligence and those with learning disability is supported by differing psychiatric and behavioural requirements.
 ...
PMID:A comparison of patients admitted to two medium secure units, one for those of normal intelligence and one for those with learning disability. 1095 56

We retrospectively collected data on the rate and type of psychiatric illness and behavioural problems on 143 adults with learning disability and epilepsy. 55% behavioural problems. 19% verbal aggression and temper tantrums, and 13% injurious behaviour. The overall rates of behavioural problems and different types of behaviours found in the current study cohort are similar to what was found before in learning disabled adults in general, as well as in epileptic and non-epileptic learning disabled adults. Psychiatric diagnosis was made in 12.6% combined diagnosis of schizophrenia, delusional disorder and schizo-affective disorder was most common (5%) diagnosis of depressive episode (3%) bipolar affective disorder.
 ...
PMID:Psychiatric illness and behavioural problems in adults with learning disability and epilepsy. 1156 12

Linkage studies of mental illness have provided suggestive evidence of susceptibility loci over many broad chromosomal regions. Pinpointing causative gene mutations by conventional linkage strategies alone is problematic. The breakpoints of chromosomal abnormalities occurring in patients with mental illness may be more direct pointers to the relevant gene locus. Publications that describe patients where chromosomal abnormalities co-exist with mental illness are reviewed along with supporting evidence that this may amount to an association. Chromosomal abnormalities are considered to be of possible significance if (a) the abnormality is rare and there are independent reports of its coexistence with psychiatric illness, or (b) there is colocalisation of the abnormality with a region of suggestive linkage findings, or (c) there is an apparent cosegregation of the abnormality with psychiatric illness within the individual's family. Breakpoints have been described within many of the loci suggested by linkage studies and these findings support the hypothesis that shared susceptibility factors for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may exist. If these abnormalities directly disrupt coding regions, then combining molecular genetic breakpoint cloning with bioinformatic sequence analysis may be a method of rapidly identifying candidate genes. Full karyotyping of individuals with psychotic illness especially where this coexists with mild learning disability, dysmorphism or a strong family history of mental disorder is encouraged.
 ...
PMID:Chromosomal abnormalities and mental illness. 1266 Aug

We administered the b Test, a new measure to identify malingering requiring recognition of overlearned information, to 34 suspected malingerers and to 161 subjects in various clinical groups (moderate to severe head injury, elderly depressed, learning disability, schizophrenia, right and left CVA, and elderly normals). Comparisons of groups revealed more commission and omission errors in the suspected malingerers relative to all groups except the right stroke patients. In addition, suspected malingerers took longer to complete the task than all groups except right and left stroke patients and normal elderly. A cutoff of >2 commission errors produced a sensitivity of 76.5% and specificity for all comparison groups combined of 82.6%. Lower sensitivity rates were documented for omissions (58.8 using cutoff of >40) and time (57.6% using cutoff of >12 minutes), but specificity remained high at 85.1% and 83.9%, respectively. Thus, the b Test shows considerable potential as a malingering detection tool.
 ...
PMID:Validation of a new technique to detect malingering of cognitive symptoms: the b Test. 1459 May 50


1 2 3 4 Next >>