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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Assessed the effect of response interference on the word associations of male and female process and reactive schizophrenics in two studies that used the difference in associative disturbances between high and low interference (low and high commonality stimulus words) as the measure. The reactives showed a significantly greater increase in disturbances in the high interference condition than did process schizophrenics in both studies. These results occurred in process and reactive groups that did not differ in age, IQ, institutionalization, and current level of physiological arousal and symptom severity in Study I. Findings supported predictions from a qualitative differences theory of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Interference in word associations in schizophrenia. 2 35

Disordered, very short-term memory (VSTM) has been hypothesized as the fundamental cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. We describe a method that measures VSTM using self-stimulated auditory average evoked potentials. This paradigm allows the VSTM hyothesis to be tested relatively free of superficial attentional and motivational artifacts. The experimental results are consistent with a VSTM dysfunction in schizophrenia. Very short-term memory dysfunction is discussed in light of recent blink reflex evidence that there is a short time constant information processing system with a time base similar to VSTM (ie, 1 to 1,000 msec). This leads to new testable hypotheses about information processing and VSTM in schizophrenia. It also lays the basis for interpreting this phenomenon as a pathologic exaggeration of an adaptive neurophysiologic mechanism.
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PMID:Very short-term memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Defective short time constant information processing in schizophrenia. 83 26

Recognition memory is one of the few areas of cognition in schizophrenia in which deficit has not been found. Such a finding has important theoretical implications for the understanding of schizophrenia. However, past studies in this area have been experimentally deficient. This paper presents a study of recognition in long-term episodic memory in schizophrenia in which previous findings of no deficit were replicated. The nature of the cognitive deficit in schizophrenia is discussed.
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PMID:Recognition in episodic long-term memory in schizophrenia. 89 87

Over the last few years, psychological experiments have provided a major contribution to research in schizophrenia. Historical, practical and theoretical grounds led to investigations mainly in the field of cognitive disorder. Independent psychological theories of schizophrenia emerged from the body of experimental results, at first restricted to mental performance of the patients but later generalized to center on the total problem of schizophrenia. In accordance with psychiatric thinking, psychologists favoured cognitive deficit as the essential schizophrenic characteristic which would possibly generate the basic symptomatology. Apart from methodological considerations, the main question arising is if this feature is truly typical of schizophrenia. The problem of the different concepts of schizophrenia has to be considered in this connection. A survey of theories of schizophrenia which are sufficiently consolidated by psychological experiments reveals that two lines of theoretical reasoning exist: one based on specific cognitive disorder, and the other where this is not the case. Encompassed by the first classification are the considerations of Bannister, Rodnick and Germezy, Shakow, McReynolds, Silvermann, L.J. Chapman, Payne, Mednick, and Epstein, as well as the interference theories (with the exception of Callaway's version)..
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PMID:[Theories of cognitive disorder in schizophrenia based on psychological experiments (author's transl)]. 109 May 48

Drug-free schizophrenic patients (N equals 74) and nonpsychotic subjects (N equals 206) were given a test of affect-laden and affectively neutral multiple choice analogy items. The two subtests were matched on several psychometric characteristics that determine the power of the test to distinguish the more able from the less able normal subjects. Neither newly admitted schizophrenic nor long-term chronic schizophrenic patients performed differently on the affective subtest than on the neutral subtest. The many published findings of a cognitive deficit in schizophrenia in response to affect-laden stimuli can probably be attributed to the inappropriate use of unmatched tested.
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PMID:Schizophrenic reasoning about affect-laden material. 118 Jun 57

Of 113 patients in long-stay wards of a psychiatric hospital, 43 had TD. Twenty-six of the 39 patients who consented to take part in the study were unaware of abnormal involuntary movements. These patients scored significantly lower on a short test of cognitive function than patients who were aware of such movements. The diagnosis of schizophrenia, particularly the 'defect' state with cognitive deficit and negative symptoms, was found to be associated with lack of awareness of TD.
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PMID:Tardive dyskinesia. Patients' lack of awareness of movement disorder. 134 79

The current interest in memory disorders in schizophrenia results from the way perceptions of schizophrenia--whose organic origin is becoming increasingly evident--and memory--according to which there exist not one, but several memories--have developed. Memory disorders in the schizophrenic cannot be considered in isolation from knowledge accumulated in other areas of the cognitive and neuro-sciences; a more detailed understanding of these disorders requires a comparison of the different cognitive approaches, both with each other and with the neurobiological and clinical approaches, so that they can be integrated. Despite numerous methodological and conceptual difficulties, it now appears to have been established that the schizophrenic's memory deficit should be seen in the context of a wider cognitive deficit, that the memory tasks are not all disturbed and that the memory deficit cannot be identified with one specific form of memory. Thus, iconic formation, short-term memory in the traditionally accepted sense and implicit memory are hardly, if at all, affected; in contrast, the early processing of information, working memory and explicit memory are disturbed, probably to the extent that they require the implementation of strategies to organise the information to be memorized. Finally, in certain tasks, such as those evaluating latent inhibition or negative priming, schizophrenics perform better than normal subjects, suggesting that schizophrenics' cognitive deficit is localised. This profile of memory disorders is compatible with a dysfunction predominating in the frontal and temporo-hippocampal regions. Neuroleptics and anticholinergics have opposite effects on cognitive and mnesic performance, which is improved by the former and aggravated by the latter. The influence of clinical symptoms, positive or negative, institutionalisation of patients and chronic tardive dyskinesia is unclear. Among the theoretical proposals put forward to account for the observed disorders, those relating to a disturbance of the action planning process and to that of the internal representation of context are compatible with the observed memory disorders. All the clinically derived data and those produced by the cognitive and neurosciences indicate a need to reformulate the links between memory, selective attention and evaluation of the relevance of a stimulus, to develop a general model of the reciprocal interactions between cognition and affectivity and to look for the origin of a pathology as complex as schizophrenia, not in a local lesion in an isolated cerebral structure but in a disturbance of the dynamic interactions within a functional, parallel and distributed network of broadly interconnected regions.
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PMID:[Memory disorders in schizophrenia]. 136 48

Obstetric complications were more common in the histories of those schizophrenic outpatients without a family history of psychiatric disorder, and were associated with an earlier onset of their illness. Those patients with tardive dyskinesia were more likely to have a family history of psychiatric disorder, less likely to have experienced obstetric complications, and showed greater cognitive deficit. Obstetric complications should be considered in juxtaposition with genetic factors in evaluating the putative familial-sporadic distinction in schizophrenia. Additionally, familial/genetic factors appears to contribute to vulnerability to tardive dyskinesia.
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PMID:Obstetric complications, the putative familial-sporadic distinction, and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. 198 89

We present a case example that illustrates the diagnostic and treatment difficulties engendered by adult psychiatric patients with primary behavioral problems and neurocognitive disorders. In the case cited, the neuropsychological evaluation plays a significant role in reconceptualizing a patient who had accrued multiple psychiatric diagnoses including schizophrenia, borderline personality, and impulse control disorder. Formal examination revealed deficits in language, executive, and attentional functions that were far greater than had been expected and led to a major change in treatment strategy, including successful trial of imipramine and nadolol and more structured milieu therapy. The cognitive deficit and intrapsychic conflict models are used to demonstrate the critical aspects of our diagnostic reclassification of the patient to Neurodevelopmental Disorder of Unknown Etiology and Auditory Attention Deficit Disorder.
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PMID:Neurocognitive disorders in psychiatry: a case example of diagnostic and treatment dilemmas. 202 75

30 inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were compared to 35 inpatients with bipolar affective disorder, manic type, on a large group of neuropsychological measures. Separate factor analyses were performed on measures of verbal, spatial, and speed variables in order to generate summary scales. Controlling for the effects of age, education, sex, duration of illness, number of previous hospitalizations, and medications at time of testing, there were no significant differences between diagnostic groups on the three factors or on individual test variables. Patients on medication performed more poorly on speed variables than those off medication. These findings call into question the notion of differential patterns of cognitive deficit among psychotic diagnoses.
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PMID:Failure to differentiate bipolar disorder from schizophrenia on measures of neuropsychological function. 227 87


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