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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients with schizophrenia have memory deficits when compared to other neuropsychiatric and normal samples, but the mechanism by which the deficits arise is obscure. In the present study, 13 older, less educated normal subjects, and 31 inpatients with schizophrenia were administered the Selective Reminding test. In addition, the schizophrenic patients received the Mini Mental State Exam and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. While normal subjects performed at a higher level on various measures of recall, a significant effect of repeated trials was present for each group for each measure, indicating that both groups learned. Normal subjects also outperformed the patients on a test of recognition memory. However, the patients exhibited a significantly greater disparity between recognition and recall than did the normal subjects, suggesting they were better able to acquire new information than to retrieve it ('forgetting to remember'). Moreover, anergia, a factor measure on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, correlated significantly with recall, but not recognition memory, in the patient group. The data are suggestive of prefrontal-type cognitive and behavioral deficits in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Recall memory deficit in schizophrenia. A possible manifestation of prefrontal dysfunction. 248 66

Verbal memory and performance on a number of tests known to be sensitive to lesions that disrupt frontal lobe functioning were studied in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective illness. Both patient groups were severely and equally impaired on verbal and design fluency and on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, measures that are sensitive to dysfunction of frontal-striatal circuitry. Both patient groups exhibited impaired recall but nearly normal recognition memory, a pattern that is typically observed in frontal and subcortical diseases. Accelerated forgetting was evident on delayed recall tests; the magnitude of this impairment was greater for schizophrenic than for schizoaffective patients. These results suggest that frontal and/or subcortical dysfunction is common to schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. A subgroup including the majority of schizophrenic patients, however, exhibit a mild amnesia-like disorder which may result from pathological changes in the structure and function of the temporal lobes or the medial diencephalon.
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PMID:Memory and frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. 832 May 48

Learning and memory were assessed in 24 monozygotic (MZ) pairs of individuals discordant for schizophrenia or delusional disorder and seven normal pairs of MZ twins. On declarative memory tasks, the affected group displayed a pattern that might best be characterized as dysmnesic in that they performed significantly worse than the discordant unaffected group on story recall, paired associated learning, and visual recall of designs, but they learned over time, had relatively preserved recognition memory, and did not show profoundly accelerated rates of forgetting. Effortful, volitional retrieval from the lexicon, measured by verbal fluency, was also compromised in the affected group. On the other hand, procedural learning of the motor skill in a pursuit rotor task was relatively intact in the affected group. Comparisons of the normal group and unaffected group indicated that the latter group had very mild impairments in some aspects of episodic memory, namely, immediate and delayed recall of stories and delayed recall of designs. It is highly unlikely that the impairments observed in the affected group can be attributed to differences in genome, family environment, socioeconomic circumstance, or educational opportunity, as all of these were controlled by the twin paradigm. Rather, the impairments appear to be related to the intercession of disease. The neuropsychological profile is consistent with frontal lobe and medial temporal lobe dysfunction, as noted in this sample as well as other samples of schizophrenic singletons. Significant correlations between many measures of memory and global level of social and vocational functioning within the discordant group were also found. Thus difficulties in rapidly acquiring new information and propitiously retrieving old information may burden patients with schizophrenia in many of the transactions of everyday life.
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PMID:Learning and memory in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. 847 18

It is widely accepted that depressives focus on negative memories, and forget or repress positive memories (showing a mood-congruent affective tendency). Normals have an opposite positive bias in memory ('Pollyanna tendency'). Research evidence for depressives' negative bias in memory comes mainly from studies of retrieval of personal experiences during depression, or from studies of such retrieval during induced mood. In the present study, the hypothesis that depressives encode and remember negative emotion materials better than other materials was tested. Contrary to the hypothesis, the results showed that severely depressed patients remembered more positive affect than negative affect words, after a 2-day delay. Depressives' overall memory performance and rate of forgetting were poor, similar to schizophrenics', and worse than normals'. The results suggest that, while memory performance during a depressive episode is poor, the memory consolidation process for affective information is normal. Unlike in schizophrenia, it does not select negative emotion materials. This conclusion is not incongruent with the finding that depressives show mood-congruent retrieval for previously learnt personal (experiential) information. The consolidation of non-personal (nonexperiential) positive affect materials during depression may provide a clue as to the mechanism of recovery in depression, and the lack of such recovery in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Affect and memory in depression: evidence of better delayed recall of positive than negative affect words. 886 10

The California Verbal Learning Test was used to characterize the learning and memory impairment in schizophrenia (SC) and to evaluate potential clinical and demographic factors associated with this impairment. SC patients (n = 175) performed worse than normal comparison (NC) subjects (n = 229) on all learning, recall, and recognition memory measures. The most important clinical correlates of these impairments were earlier age of onset, more negative symptoms, and greater anticholinergic medication dosage. SC patients showed a prominent retrieval deficit as indicated by disproportionate improvement when tested in a recognition, rather than a free recall, format. A residual impairment seen with recognition testing suggests a mild encoding deficit as well. In contrast, the relative absence of a storage deficit is suggested by the lack of rapid forgetting. Using a discriminant function analysis that differentiates cortical dementia [i.e., Alzheimer's disease (AD)], subcortical dementia [i.e., Huntington's disease (HD)], and normals, it was found that 50% of the SC patients were classified as having a subcortical memory profile and 35% were classified as having a normal profile, whereas only 15% were classified as having a cortical memory profile. Although these findings reflect the clinical heterogeneity often found in SC, results suggest that most SC patients demonstrate a pattern of learning and memory impairments that resembles the pattern seen in patients with primary subcortical (specifically striatal) pathology.
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PMID:The nature of learning and memory impairments in schizophrenia. 937 13

Remote memory, as the term is used in the present study, refers to semantic information or autobiographical information for events and facts that are thought to be stored in the neocortex. In schizophrenia, findings of abnormalities in remote memory have been reported. However, it is unclear whether these are due to retrieval factors or other factors (e.g. paucity of information, disorganized lexicosemantic representations). Furthermore, it is unclear whether there is a temporal gradient in remote memory. In the first study, we utilized a cueing procedure for semantic fluency in order to determine whether retrieval factors play a marked role in impairments. In comparing patients with schizophrenia to patients with affective disorder and normal controls, we found that cueing had an equivalent effect upon all groups, suggesting that marked retrieval deficits were not the primary determinant of poor performance in fluency. Furthermore, we found that semantic fluency was disproportionately impaired vis-a-vis phonologic fluency, suggesting that abnormalities may be greater in storage areas presumed to be in temporal parietal cortex rather than in prefrontal cortex (which has been associated with retrieval deficits). In the second study, we examined the temporal gradient of autobiographical memory in patients with schizophrenia and normal controls. Whereas normal controls exhibited high and equivalent performance across childhood, early adult, and recent memories, patients with schizophrenia exhibited a u-shaped profile perhaps unique in the neuropsychiatric literature. This may reflect a combination of secondary memory impairments which effect the acquisition of new information coupled to very mildly accelerated rate of forgetting, 'recency' effects, and/or inefficient encoding. Taken together, these studies provide further support for the notion that schizophrenia has a relatively unique pattern of neuropsychological deficit based on neocortical dysfunction that includes, though is not restricted to, temporoparietal regions.
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PMID:Types and characteristics of remote memory impairment in schizophrenia. 954 79

Recent studies of patients with schizophrenia have consistently demonstrated marked deficits on measures of initial learning. However, contradictory results have been reported concerning retention and forgetting. The present study examined the level of initial and delayed recall of stories and visual figures in a group of 76 patients with schizophrenia and 51 normal controls. Schizophrenia patients demonstrated marked impairments in initial and delayed recall as well as significantly worse percentage retention scores. However, schizophrenia patients and healthy controls individually matched on level of initial recall had nearly identical delayed recall performance. The results suggest a primary deficit in the initial acquisition of information rather than an accelerated rate of forgetting in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Learning and forgetting in schizophrenia. 1101 23

Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia have been associated with working memory problems. Schizophrenic patients (n = 24) and controls (n = 29) participated in simple short-term memory tasks, recalling a list of letters from the first to last item in the order of presentation. The authors hypothesized that deficient sequential representations would increase movement errors (e.g., ABCD being recalled as ABDC) or intrusion errors (e.g., ABCD being recalled as ABCX), whereas simple trace decay would lead to omission errors (e.g., ABCD being recalled as ABC_). Patients made disproportionately more omissions toward the end of 6-item lists. There were no group differences in movements or intrusions as a function of serial position. Schizophrenic patients' limited short-term memory span may be due to greater forgetting during recall and not to a selective deficit in the mechanisms responsible for maintaining serial order information.
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PMID:Short-term memory for serial order in schizophrenia: a detailed examination of error types. 1121 83

Rapid forgetting has been observed in long-term schizophrenic patients in the past. In this study, the rate of forgetting was assessed in short-term schizophrenic, schizophreniform and schizoaffective patients who had positive symptoms in the past, and in schizophreniform patients who never had positive symptoms. Four groups of patients representing these distinctions and a group of normal controls were assessed using immediate and delayed recall tasks, while controlling for effects of discriminating power of tasks, using matched-task methodology. The results showed that all schizophrenia spectrum patients with positive symptoms showed rapid forgetting as compared to schizophreniform patients with negative symptoms and normal controls. It is concluded that better immediate than delayed recall characterizes schizophrenia spectrum patients who have had positive symptoms. However, schizophrenia spectrum patients with negative symptoms may be qualitatively different from patients with positive symptoms in showing a slower rate of forgetting. The results support the hypothesis that there is at least one and possibly two brain dysfunctions affecting memory in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Immediate and delayed memory performance in schizophrenia spectrum patients: use of matched tasks. 1124 82

1. In a group of schizophrenic patients, the effect and selected parameters of biological markers were evaluated during the index hospitalisation in the acute phase of schizophrenia (n = 30) and then after one year of ambulatory treatment. 2. During the acute treatment, a significant drop in symptomatology was recorded in average; an analogical tendency was observed further on, too. Apart from that, a significant change was observed in 5/41 parameters being monitored (the pair t-test): I) decrease in the total NES score, II) decrease in the sensorial integration subscale NES score, III) increase in psychomotor speed, IV) decrease in auditory reaction time, V) increase in basal cortisol. 3. In the comparison of the successfully (severity of illness after one year = 1, 2) and unsuccessfully (severity of illness after one year > or =3) treated patients in the beginning of treatment in the acute phase, the unsuccessful group had a significantly higher score of negative symptomatology, and by the end of the acute treatment, again, a significantly higher score of negative symptomatology, a higher total PANSS score and a greater severity of illness. 4. In the acute phase, the successful group had a significantly better score in individual items of the Contemporary Memory Scale and a significantly worse performance and goal-aimed concentration in the Bourdon test than the unsuccessfully treated one; apart from that, it had a significantly higher cortisol level after dexamethasone, which was also reflected in the lower percentage rate of dexamethasone nonsupression. 5. In the course of the year, a drop in the total NES score for the individual subscales occurred; a significant drop was observed in the sensory integration subscale. The worse concentration items improved significantly in the successful group in contrast to the unsuccessful group, where they showed a downgrade tendency. Changes in Contemporary Memory Scale were negligible and mostly below statistical significance. Apart from that, a drop in basal cortisolemia occurred in the successful group and an increase in cortisolemia after administering dexamethasone was registered in the unsuccessful group. 6. The more successful group had a significantly lower NES score, a significantly better visual reaction time and a smaller forgetting item (in percentiles) after the one-year period.
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PMID:The changes of biological markers and treatment efficacy in schizophrenia. 1129 79


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