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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Re-diagnosed according to diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia of CCMD-2 was applied to 1,394 inpatients, who were diagnosed as schizophrenia when stayed the hospital in 1990. As a result, 98.5% of the cases conformed with four items diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia of CCMD-2; 98.7% of the cases conformed with the criteria of symptomatology; 99.4% of the cases conformed with the criteria for the course of illness; 99.8% of the cases conformed with the for the degree of seriousness; 100% of the cases conformed with the criteria of exclusion. Concordant rate in subtype: catatonic type 96.7%, hebephrenic type 92.2%, regressive type 90.9%, paranoid type 90.6%, residual type 50%, atypical type 50%. The must common symptoms were affective disorder (91%), disturbance of association (83.5%), delusion (62.2%). Frequency of other individual symptom were obviously difference, from 76.8% to 2.9%. We consider that diagnostic criteria of the schizophrenia of CCMD-2 is a appropriate for application in both clinical diagnosis and research work.
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PMID:[Clinical practice of the diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia of Chinese classification of mental diseases II (CCMD-2) in 1,394 inpatients]. 149 12

Smooth pursuit abnormalities have been reported in patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives, suggesting that abnormal tracking may serve as a biological marker for schizophrenia. Recent studies in schizophrenic patients have found reduced pursuit gain, low initial acceleration and abnormal gain-corrective saccade interactions. Impaired saccadic initiation has been noted in anti-saccade tasks and in predictive saccade generation, as has saccadic hypometria. While abnormalities have been found in affective disorder patients, studies of their first-degree relatives suggest that abnormalities during pursuit are more closely associated with schizophrenia. Identification of specific defects allows informed speculation about their neural substrates and suggests possible relationships between the ocular motor defects and other cognitive and perceptual abnormalities associated with the major psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:Abnormalities of smooth pursuit and saccadic control in schizophrenia and affective disorders. 150 92

While reports of EEG correlates of psychiatric disorders date back five decades, clinical sensitivity of the EEG to psychiatric disorders has been greatly enhanced with the advent of quantitative methods of analysis (QEEG). Using a QEEG methodology known as neurometrics we have identified distinctive electrophysiological profiles associated with different psychiatric disorders. With this method quantitative features are extracted from 2 minutes of artifact- free eyes closed resting EEG data, log transformed to obtain Gaussianity, age-regressed, and Z-transformed relative to population norms. Using small subsets of neurometric features, multiple stepwise discriminant analyses were used to construct mathematical classifier functions, the values of which are different for members of different a priori defined diagnostic groups. Using this approach, we have demonstrated high discriminant accuracy in independent replications separating many populations of psychiatric patients from normal as well as from each other, including major affective disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, alcoholism, and learning disabilities, as well as high accuracy of discrimination between known subtypes of depression (unipolar vs bipolar). The use of classification accuracy curves (CACs) which allow one to assess the sensitivity and specificity achieved by the discriminant functions is discussed. In addition, using cluster analysis, neurometric subtypes can be identified in several clinically homogenous populations. Preliminary results suggest that baseline membership in some neurometric subtypes may be highly correlated with response to treatment.
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PMID:QEEG profiles of psychiatric disorders. 151 Aug 68

The relationship between several psychological variables and adrenocortical function of the blues is examined in a prospective study of 47 Japanese women. Psychological measures, including the psychiatric interview and assessment of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SASD), the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and self-rating scales, were administered at the 36th week of pregnancy, on the 3rd or 4th day postnatal and one month after delivery. Twelve subjects (25.5%) were diagnosed as having the blues on the Stein's scale. Women who developed the blues had significantly higher serum bound cortisol than the non-blues group. No significant correlation was obtained between the incidence of the blues and obstetric variables. At one month after delivery, four women (8.5%) were diagnosed as postpartum depression according to the RDC. Our finding that there was no consistent obstetric factor which predisposes women to develop the blues support the hypothesis that hyperadrenocorticalism is important in the genesis of this syndrome.
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PMID:Endocrine study of the maternity blues. 151 31

The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) had identified fully 69% of 776 respondents who attended 12 primary-care clinics as "probable cases" of psychiatric disorders, whereas the general practitioners (GPs) involved had thought only 31% had psychological problems. To investigate more accurately the prevalence of psychiatric disorders we examined 112 of the original sample with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Life-time version and found only 15% to have had a Research Diagnostic Criteria disorder at the time of the initial study. Raising the GHQ threshold to 15/16 improved specificity and positive predictive value, and improved GPs' case-finding modestly. These respondents either suffered from high rates of subclinical distress or readily report subjective distress in the clinic, or both.
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PMID:Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three primary-care clinics in Beersheba, Israel. Concurrent assessment by the General Health Questionnaire, General Practitioners, and Research Diagnostic Criteria. 152 83

This paper introduces a new self-report inventory, the NIMH Panic Questionnaire (NIMH PQ), for obtaining and quantifying comprehensive information about the clinical characteristics of panic disorder in patients with previously diagnosed or suspected illness. Fifty-two patients who met DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder completed the NIMH PQ; their responses were compared with data derived from 16 similar or identical questions on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia modified for anxiety disorders. There were no significant differences between the two instruments on 15 of the 16 (93.7%) items tested. The one exception revealed a greater proportion of patients versus physicians endorsing "spontaneous" panic, and a nonsignificant trend for physicians over patients endorsing anticipatory anxiety with greater frequency. The NIMH PQ offers a potentially useful clinical and research tool in the assessment of patients with known or suspected panic disorder.
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PMID:The National Institute of Mental Health Panic Questionnaire. An instrument for assessing clinical characteristics of panic disorder. 152 5

Two types of saccadic intrusions into smooth pursuit eye tracking, anticipatory saccades (AS), and square wave jerks (SWJ), were measured in 23 patients with schizophrenia, 16 patients with affective disorder, and 21 normal controls. Constant velocity (5 degrees and 20 degrees/sec) predictable targets were employed. High resolution infrared oculography was employed to record eye movements. Although most subjects had at least one SWJ, there were no significant group differences, and the highest individual rates of SWJ were seen in the normal control group. On the other hand, AS were never seen in normals, but were present in 25%-44% of patients with either schizophrenia or affective disorder. Both patient groups had significantly more AS than controls, but the two patient groups were not significantly different.
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PMID:Saccadic intrusions into smooth pursuit in patients with schizophrenia or affective disorder and normal controls. 152 75

We wished to determine the specificity of smooth-pursuit eye tracking dysfunction to schizophrenia and the prevalences of dysfunction among functionally psychotic and normal individuals. Therefore, we investigated pursuit tracking in a large sample of psychotic patients, normal subjects, and first-degree relatives (N = 482). Patients were recruited as part of an epidemiological study of first-episode psychosis that used a broadly based referral network to identify all cases in a major metropolitan area over a 2 1/2-year period. Patients received diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, psychotic mood disorder, and paranoid or other psychotic disorder based on the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The distribution of tracking performance was bimodal for the schizophrenic patients and their relatives, perhaps reflecting major gene action. Moreover, poor tracking ran in families. Pursuit tracking dysfunction was relatively specific to schizophrenic patients and their relatives and occurred infrequently in other psychotic patients and normal subjects.
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PMID:Smooth-pursuit eye tracking in first-episode psychotic patients and their relatives. 153 57

We examined the association between scales measuring physical anhedonia, social anhedonia, and perceptual aberration and premorbid functioning, clinical state, and current level of adjustment in 91 psychotic subjects. The patients were examined at the onset of their first psychotic episode and again 18 months later. For patients with schizophrenia, anhedonia was significantly related to premorbid functioning. No association was found between the scales and clinical state or level of adjustment at intake or follow-up. In affective disorder patients, no correlation was found between premorbid functioning (a stable characteristic) and scale scores, but moderately large correlations emerged between the scales and clinical state and level of adjustment at both assessment times. These results suggest that schizophrenic and affective disorder patients endorse items on these scales for different reasons. We hypothesize that for patients with schizophrenia, the scales assess enduring personality characteristics, whereas for the affective disorder patients, they assess clinical condition at the time of testing.
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PMID:Clinical correlates of anhedonia and perceptual aberration in first-episode patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder. 153 65

This 1988 study reports the point and lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders, using DSM-III-R criteria, of a sample (approximately 25%) of adult members of an Indian village previously studied in 1969. The basic instrument was the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, augmented by available medical information and administered by experienced psychiatrists. Subjects were interviewed and results were weighed for the age- and sex-distributed population. The results indicated a high point prevalence of alcohol dependence (32.8%), with a lifetime prevalence of 72.8%, among males. The lifetime prevalence of affective disorders among women was also high (36.8%), but less so among men (19.3%). When compared with the DSM-III-R diagnoses of the 1969 study, the point prevalence rates of alcohol dependence and abuse disorders fell from 39% to 21%. Also, fewer subjects were judged to be psychiatrically impaired. Even though the prevalence of psychiatric disorders was lower in the current study, the rates for alcohol disorders and affective disorders were still far higher than those reported in Epidemiologic Catchment Area studies. Alcohol dependence (especially among young men) and affective disorder (among women) were major problems.
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PMID:Psychiatric epidemiology of an Indian village. A 19-year replication study. 153 4


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