Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the DSM-III and DSM-III-R the affective or mood category has been widened and mood-incongruent psychotic affective illness (MICPAI) included. The present study was undertaken to determine whether this broad mood category is still homogeneous. Personality factors were used as parameters. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory findings of 54 patients with MICPAI were compared with those of 21 probands with a DSM-III typical affective disorder and with those of 15 DSM-III schizophrenics. It was shown that MICPAI differed significantly from typical affective disorder, but not from schizophrenia, in particular regarding the subscales "schizophrenia" and "psychopathic deviate". When MICPAI was subdivided into the depressed and manic type, the depressed type was found to be more closely related to schizophrenia (with respect to the subscales "paranoia" and "schizophrenia"), whereas the manic type hardly differed from affective disorder. Whether this result is due to diagnostic inaccuracies is discussed. Our finding that MICPAI differs from typical affective disorder with respect to personality is in accordance with heredity and outcome studies demonstrating that MICPAI is associated with a higher risk for schizophrenia in first-degree relatives and with worse outcomes when compared with typical affective disorder. It can thus be concluded that the decision to include MICPAI in the affective or mood category of the DSM-III or DSM-III-R has rendered this category more heterogeneous.
 ...
PMID:Is the DSM-III-R category of mood disorders too broad? Personality findings. 139 Sep 53

In the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression study, data were collected on 2226 first-degree relatives of 612 probands. A second, "blind" reassessment of all relatives was attempted 6 years after the initial evaluation. We report on a final sample of 1629 relatives assessed twice using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime version. We summarize methods for using stability of diagnosis to model the relationship between clinical covariates and the probability of being a true case. Moreover, we define an index of caseness that can be used to narrow the criteria for who is a case. Of those positive for major depressive disorder at initial evaluation, 74% were positive (on a lifetime basis) at follow-up (ie, were stable). There is a gradient: 48% of those who had three symptoms and no treatment were stable, compared with 96% of those with eight symptoms and treatment. For major depressive disorder, we found the caseness index for those with lifetime mania more severe than that of nonbipolar patients, with those who had hypomania being intermediate. A hierarchical analysis indicated that bipolar I tends to be diagnosed as schizoaffective-manic across occasions, and vice versa. This is consistent with the prior familial analyses that suggest these two diagnoses be combined into a single bipolar phenotype. The analysis for major depressive disorder indicates that caseness appears to represent quantitative, rather than qualitative, differences, with no natural cutoff to identify distinct subgroups. Finally, we discuss implications including utility in genetic analyses, estimation of incidence or prevalence allowing for diagnostic error, and examination of cohort effects.
 ...
PMID:Stability of psychiatric diagnoses. An application to the affective disorders. 141 36

The relationship of emotion differentiation to symptom severity in depression was investigated. The subjects were 25 patients diagnosed with unipolar major depression. Subjects were clinically assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and the Hamilton rating scales for anxiety and depression. In addition, subjects completed a number of self-report measures of symptoms and attitudes. Twelve basic emotion terms were incorporated into free-response attribute lists which subjects used to rate aspects of themselves and of other significant people in their lives. A clustering algorithm (HICLAS) was used to derive a social perception structure from this data for each subject. The differentiation of negative emotion within an individual's structure (NES) was measured by dividing the number of attribute categories containing negative emotions by the total number of categories in that person's structure. The results indicated that NES is a significant correlate of depressive symptomatology independent of self-esteem and other variables. Relatively undifferentiated emotion structure (low NES) was associated with significantly higher levels of depressive symptomatology.
 ...
PMID:Emotion differentiation. A correlate of symptom severity in major depression. 143 22

We examined the association between affective disorders and eating disorders in 22 eating disorder inpatients who were interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version. The first series of 11 were interviewed as part of an interrater reliability study; the second series, done as follow-up to the first, consisted of 11 consecutive admissions. Overall, there were 15 bulimics and seven anorexics. Nineteen patients had a major affective disorder, and 13 (59%) had bipolar II affective disorder. Bipolar II affective disorder appears to be a common finding in hospitalized patients with severe persistent eating disorders.
 ...
PMID:Bipolar II affective disorder in eating disorder inpatients. 143 23

The existence of multiple serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes has been proposed based on radioligand binding assay technique and other functional assay. Recent advance of neuropsychopharmacology has contributed to elucidating their physiological functions, ranging from molecular biological to clinical characteristics. Abnormalities of central 5-HT function are currently thought to play a significant role in mental disorders such as affective disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and in the regulation of physical functions such as body temperature, blood pressure and pain. The most significant outcome of the basic pharmacological work has been successful application of 5-HT receptor agents to the treatment of the above clinical disorders. In this article, the authors review the history of 5-HT receptor research and the role of 5-HT receptor in clinical disorders.
 ...
PMID:[Recent advances in neuropsychopharmacology of the central serotonin receptor]. 144 62

Previous research on depression in childbearing women has focused on the presence or absence of clinical depression. Little attention has been paid to the distress caused by the presence of depressive symptoms in the absence of the full syndrome of clinical depression. A convenience sample of 202 healthy, married, primigravid women who were free of psychiatric symptoms were assessed at 10 to 14 weeks and 30 to 32 weeks of pregnancy and at 1 to 2 weeks and 14 weeks post partum. Depression symptoms were measured by using the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, the standardized clinical interview for research and depression of The National Institute of Mental Health. Data from the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia indicated that only 5% of the women met criteria for clinical depression but approximately 50% of the sample reported clinical levels of three or more depressive symptoms. Anger, fatigue, psychic anxiety, and worry were the most frequently endorsed symptoms at each assessment point. The implications of these findings for symptom management and health promotion for childbearing women are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Dysphoric distress in childbearing women. 147 58

A follow-up and family study was carried out of 16 first episode, DSM-III-R schizophreniform disorder patients with good prognostic features. Mean length of follow-up was 52.3 months. It was found that 62.5% had affective episodes, 31.2% had schizophreniform episodes. No case of schizophrenia was observed. Outcome was good. Morbid risk for affective disorder among first degree relatives was 25%, morbid risk for schizophrenia was 0%. These findings suggest a link between DSM-III-R schizophreniform disorder with good prognostic features and affective disorder, and no relationship with schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:A follow-up and family study of DSM-III-R schizophreniform disorder with good prognostic features. 148

Suicide is the chief cause of premature death among schizophrenic persons. The lifetime incidence of suicide for patients with schizophrenia is 10% to 13% compared to a general population estimate of about 1%, and is quite close to that observed among those with major affective disorder. The magnitude of increased risk for suicide among schizophrenics peaks before middle age and declines thereafter, although schizophrenic persons tend to be at increased risk throughout the life span. Among psychiatric patients, schizophrenics are overrepresented among suicides, and often schizophrenics constitute the majority of inpatient suicides. It is important in evaluating suicide risk among schizophrenic persons to assess depression and suicidal ideation especially during index admission and during acute phases of the illness. It is noteworthy that schizophrenic persons often commit suicide as the overall level of psychopathology decreases during a nonpsychotic phase. Research has yielded salient risk factors for suicide in schizophrenic persons and "types" of especially vulnerable patients, even though statistical prediction of individual suicides has not proven effective.
 ...
PMID:Schizophrenia--a high-risk factor for suicide: clues to risk reduction. 148 92

The advent of powerful molecular biological techniques have already led to the discovery of chromosomal loci linked to some genetically transmitted diseases. These techniques, however, lose their power if applied to a disease trait that is not Mendelian in its transmission. The low familial prevalence of psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia make these techniques unsuitable for linkage studies of these conditions, if identification of schizophrenia relies solely on the clinical manifestation of the schizophrenic psychosis. Broadening the disease phenotype in diseases such as schizophrenia, with low recurrence risk, and narrowing it in diseases such as major affective disorder, with very high recurrence risk, may be an effective strategy for linkage studies of these diseases. Several alternative phenotypes are discussed, including smooth pursuit eye movement abnormalities, event related potentials, and deficient attentional deployment as measured by the continuous performance test. The strategy assumes that schizophrenia is a pleiotropic disorder, and that the psychosis is the rare form of the condition. The paper focuses principally on smooth pursuit eye movement abnormalities, and claims a plausible place for them as an independent expression of schizophrenia. With this strategy, the possibility for successful linkage studies increases, since familial distributions of schizophrenia and pursuit abnormalities, considered together, appear to fit an autosomal dominant pattern.
 ...
PMID:Behavioral markers of schizophrenia useful for genetic studies. 149 61

Based on data from the nationwide Danish Psychiatric Case Register, trends in admission rates and treatment-day rates were studied in two Danish counties between 1977 and 1989. During the observation period, the number of available beds in the counties investigated decreased from 1.78 to 1.10 per 1000 inhabitants aged 15 years or more. Over the same period, the admission rates decreased by 20% for in-patients and 38% for day-patients. At the same time, treatment-day rates for in-patients decreased by approximately 50% and treatment-day rates for day-patients by 32%. The decrease was seen in all age groups both for admission rates and treatment-day-rates. Rates for short-term hospitalization showed a steeper decrease than those for long-term hospitalization. For schizophrenia, admission rates increased except among men under 25 years of age, and treatment-day rates decreased in all age groups. Affective disorders, neuroses, personality disorders, and alcohol and drug abuse showed the most pronounced decreases in admission rates and treatment-day rates. The same trend was seen for treatment-day rates for organic disorders. A marked decrease in admission rates was seen in the provincial towns. Treatment-day rates decreased markedly in city areas, and less so in rural areas.
 ...
PMID:Trends in psychiatric hospitalization and changes in admission patterns in two counties in Denmark from 1977 to 1989. 149 44


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>