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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The amine theory of affective disorder and the dopamine and endorphin theories of schizophrenia are controversial but heuristically valuable concepts that have emerged from the psychobiological revolution of the last decade. That revolution stemmed largely from the development of techniques for localizing and assaying neuroregulators and their receptors in the brain under normal, pathological and experimental conditions. The data thus obtained are reviewed here, and the current status of the emergent psychobiological hypotheses assessed.
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PMID:Brain amines and peptides--their relevance to psychiatry. 4 87

Narrow definitions of schizophrenia increase homogeneity at the expense of leaving unclassified many patients with shizophrenic symptoms. Family history and follow-up studies indicate that many such patients ought to be classified with those having affective disorders. This study determines morbid risks for affective disorder and schizophrenia in first degree relatives of patients with chart but not research diagnoses of schizophrenia. Comparisons with morbid risk figures for relatives of individuals satisfying research criteria for depression, mania or schizophrenia indicate that the 'non-Feighner schizophrenia' group is probably too heterogenous to be classified entirely as affective disorder or as schizophrenia.
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PMID:Should 'non-Feighner schizophrenia' be classified with affective disorder? 16 80

1004 first degree relatives fo 150 schizoaffective patients (41 males, 109 females) were studied and a total morbidity risk of 29.6% of schizoaffective spectrum disorders were found. The relatives show an increased morbidity risk for schizophrenia (5.26%) and affective disorder (6.55%) with a high incidence of catatonia and unipolar depression; schizoaffective secondary cases were only found in 3%. There is no significant difference in morbidity between parents, siblings and children. The morbidity risk of neuroses is 5.3%, for personality disorders 7.2% and for suicides without spectrum diagnosis 1.8%. Off-spring of affected parents show a morbidity risk twice as high as that of off-spring of non-affected parents. The findings do not support the present concept of the ICD (International Classification of Disorders) of WHO, which subsumes schizoaffective disorders under the major rubric of schizophrenia. From a genetic viewpoint schizoaffective disorder takes an intermediate position between schizophrenia and affective disorders. None of the present hypotheses of the mode of inheritance is supported by the findings.
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PMID:Schizoaffective disorders. Results of a genetic investigation, I. 16 95

The authors describe three patients with delusional unipolar depression whose delusional thinking worsened markedly following administration of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. The patients had met Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive episode and had no evidence of schizophrenia or mania. Since tricyclic antidepressants are known to exacerbate psychosis in schizophrenic patients, it is sometimes suggested that the exacerbation of psychotic thinking in depressed patients indicates schizophrenia. The authors suggest that such an exacerbation does not in itself indicate schizophrenia but may occur in patients with an affective disorder who are prone to depressive delusions. The authors discuss the use of antipsychotic medication in this patient group and present a neurochemical hypothesis to explain the interaction of the drug with the illness, which results in exacerbation of psychotic thinking.
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PMID:Exacerbation of psychosis by tricyclic antidepressants in delusional depression. 42 46

This study compares psychiatric evaluations made with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) to evaluations with a standard clinical interview and the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The purpose was to generate a nonhospitalized, previously undiagnosed sample of persons who had psychiatric difficulties or symptoms. Of 385 college male volunteers, 56 with scores at least 3 SD above the mean on at least one MMPI scale were chosen as an index group, and 27, with all MMPI scores within normal limits, as a control group. In the index group, 82% met the RDC for at least one diagnosis, whereas only 22% of the control sample met the RDC for any diagnosis. One index subject met the RDC for schizophrenia; 15 met the RDC for a major affective disorder. Some correspondence between specific MMPI profile code types and RDC diagnoses was evident. Thus, researchers can identify a range of psychopathology meeting the RDC by using MMPI screening in a nonhospital setting. Such a research sample, free from the possible artifacts of hospitalization, drug treatment, and diagnostic labeling, can be useful particularly in testing hypotheses concerning the biological correlates of psychopathology.
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PMID:Extreme MMPI scores and the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Screening college men for psychopathology. 43 13

Schizoaffective disorder, traditionally classified under schizophrenia, recently tends to be subsumed under affective disorder. This article reports a study of 35 sib pairs, where each six was independently diagnosed as having schizophrenia (SC), affective disorder (AD), or schizoaffective disorder (SA). The observed numbers of same-diagnosis pairs (ADAD, SASA, SCSC) were compared with the numbers expected if the three disorders are genetically independent. The results showed a significant deficiency only in the observed number of SASA pairs, which suggests that schizophrenia and affective disorder are genetically distinct whereas schizoaffective disorder is not. To test whether schizoaffective disorder is a variant of affective disorder or schizophrenia, the observed number of ADSA and SASC pairs were compared against the expected numbers. No significant differences were found, which suggests that schizoaffective disorder is genetically heterogeneous, with at least two subtypes, one a variant of affective disorder, the other a variant of schizophrenia.
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PMID:'Schizoaffective disorder': dead or alive? 44 16

A case history is presented of a man who met the diagnostic criteria of Briquet's syndrome after a 7-year history of excessive use of psychiatric and medical health care services. Despite his having been seen by several psychiatrists, the diagnosis was made only following the use of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), a structured psychiatric interview, the results of which were applied to operationalized diagnostic criteria (Research Diagnostic Criteria [RDC]). This case demonstrates: 1) the fact that Briquet's Syndrome, commonly considered a female disorder, can occur in men; 2) the utility of structured interviews and defined diagnostic criteria in arriving at unexpected diagnoses; and 3) the importance of recognizing Briquet's Syndrome in order to avoid needless medical intervention for somatic complaints of psychological origins.
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PMID:Briquet's syndrome in a man. 44 40

The authors compared 48 adult psychiatric patients (27 men and 21 women) who had been hyperactive as children with two groups of patients who had not. Both comparison groups were matched for age and sex and the second was also matched for economic status. Although closer matching narrowed the gap somewhat, the formerly hyperactive subjects still showed significantly more personality disorder of all types, more sociopathy, more alcoholism, and less affective disorder than controls. Schizophrenia and drug abuse occurred no more often in these subjects than in the comparison groups.
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PMID:Diagnosis of adult psychiatric patients with childhood hyperactivity. 45 59

The success of lithium carbonate in the treatment of manic-depressive illness has led to its use in many other psychiatric disorders. Within this group, schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder have come under the closest scrutiny. The literature, however, is difficult to reconcile. Conclusions are often contradictory, methodologies confusing, and well-designed studies few in number. In this paper, the authors have attempted to extract common denominators that may prove of value in delineating those symptoms which predict therapeutic response to lithium carbonate.
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PMID:Lithium carbonate in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder: review and hypothesis. 48 21

Eighty-five patients with both schizophrenic and affective features at the time of admission to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital between 1934 and 1944 were selected for a 30- to 40-year outcome study. Comparison groups were 200 schizophrenic and 325 affective disorder patients, selected by the Feighner et at criteria, and 160 psychiatric symptom-free surgical patients. We assessed marital, residential, occupational, and psychiatric status to evaluate the outcome of these patients at the time of field follow-up. We used multivariate analysis of covariance to analyze the data by taking admission marital and occupational status into consideration. Patients with schizoaffective disorders had a significantly better outcome than those with schizophrenia, but a significantly poorer outcome than those with affective disorders and surgical conditions. Schizoaffective disorder fell somewhere in between the schizophrenia and mania group. Before final conclusions could be made about the nature of schizoaffective disorders, more research should be done.
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PMID:Long-term outcome of major psychoses. II. Schizoaffective disorder compared with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and a surgical control group. 49 49


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