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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the first part of this overview the author reviewed the clinical literature on prophylactic treatment of schizophrenia with maintenance antipsychotic drugs. In this second part he reviews the literature on maintenance treatment of affective disorders with lithium and tricyclics. He concludes that the growing realization that maintenance treatment is necessary to prevent recurrences of both mania and depression in bipolar disease and depression in unipolar disease is one of the most important advances in psychiatric therapeutics. The effectiveness of maintenance treatment provides the potential for a truly preventive approach to the treatment of affective disorders.
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PMID:Overview: maintenance therapy in psychiatry: II. Affective disorders. 110 74

The performance of creative writers on the Goldstein-Sheerer Object-Sorting Test was compared with that of admitted manic and schizophrenic patients. Writers and manics tended to show more behavioral and conceptual overinclusion, but the writers showed substantially more richness and the manics more idiosyncratic thinking. Schizophrenics tended to be underinclusive rather than overinclusive and showed less richness and bizarreness than the writers and manics. These data imply that the conceptual style of writers may resemble mania more than schizophrenia and that, if overinclusiveness is an index of thought disorder, manics may have a more florid thought disorder than schizophrenics.
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PMID:Creativity and psychosis. An examination of conceptual style. 111 77

From a sample of 1,005 patients admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital in Aarhus for the first time during the period 1950-1959 and diagnosed as suffering from manic-depressive psychosis or endogenous depression (affective psychoses), a subsample of 104 manic-depressive patients with anancastic symptoms in the history was selected. The 104 probands were individually matched with 104 non-anancastic probands with affective psychoses. The study was designed as a follow-up study, and the patients who were still living were seen personally. In the search for factors which could be used to distinguish affective psychoses with anancastic symptoms from affective psychoses without these traits, the incidence of a number of psychopathological features was evaluated based on the case histories and the information given by the patients at the follow-up. There was no difference as far as atypical, schizophrenia-like symptoms were concerned between the anancastic probands and the controls. Manic and hypomanic features were more frequent among the controls, corresponding to a greater number of bipolar psychoses among them. At the same time, the controls showed a significant preponderance of decidedly psychotic symptoms such as disturbances of consciousness, delusions and delusion-like ideas and hallucinations. Furthermore, retardation was more frequent among the controls. There was no difference in the suicidal behaviour of the two groups. Symptoms which were more often met among the anancastic depressives were: anxiety, agitation, diurnal variation of mood and early awakening. Seasonal variation in symptomatology was also more frequent among the anancastic probands. The same held true for depersonalization. The anancastic probands showed a significant preponderance of anancastic premorbid personality features. A positive correlation was found between the number of anancastic personality features and the following symptoms: agitation, anxiety, diurnal fluctuation, seasonal variation, hypochondriacal attitude and depersonalization. On the other hand, objective retardation or flight of ideas showed a significant negative correlation. The pattern of the anancastic symptoms was rather uniform; aggressive obsessions, mostly in the form of suicidal and homicidal obsessions, were present in more than two thirds of the cases. The anancastic depressions were often less severe than non-anancastic depressions in that the latter were more often complicated by decidedly psychotic symptoms. It is possible to interpret the symptomatology of anancastic depressions as a pathoplastic influence of the anancastic personality, but it cannot be excluded that some of the symptoms like anxiety and agitation are linked to the presence of anancastic symptoms as such.
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PMID:The psychopathology of anancastic endogenous depression. 119 73

The authors reviewed the research data for 89 hospitalized patients who were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 22 who were given a diagnosis of mania on admission. They found that 11 (12 percent) of the schizophrenic patients satisfied the St. Louis research criteria for schizophrenia and 10 (11 percent) satisfied the authors' criteria. Diagnostic agreement between the sets of criteria was shared in only 5 of these patients. On the basis of this finding and other studies of the St. Louis criteria, the authors suggest specific modifications that would broaden the utility of these criteria and minimize diagnostic disagreement.
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PMID:A critique of the St. Louis psychiatric research criteria for schizophrenia. 120 Jan 72

Comparative studies of first admission rates to psychiatric hospitals have revealed significant differences in the rates of diagnoses of functional psychoses between the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The present study examined the diagnoses of indigenous patients born between 1921 and 1955 and first admitted to hospitals in New South Wales, Australia, and England and Wales. Admission rates for mania were in striking agreement. The rate in New South Wales for schizophrenia was slightly higher and for psychotic depression considerably less than in England and Wales. A similar trend in diagnostic dissonance would appear to exist between England and Wales and New South Wales as between England and Wales and the United States for schizophrenia and psychotic depression, but this is considerably less in degree.
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PMID:Psychiatric diagnosis in New South Wales compared to England and Wales. 120 48

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) stimulates the synthesis of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in lysed platelets from normal subjects, patients with affective illness but not in platelets from cases of schizophrenia. The stimulation is concentration-dependent and follows a curve which is mildly sigmoid in the normal, markedly sigmoid in depression and hyperbolic in mania.
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PMID:Effect of ADP on PGE1 formation in blood platelets from patients with depression, mania and schizophrenia. 120 54

During the fiscal year 1 April 1972 to 31 March 1973, 22,210 ECT treatments in 3,438 series were given in Denmark (6-46 treatments per series). Indications for treatment were: endogenous depression, acute delirium, mania, hysterical psychosis, reactive depression and schizophrenia. Unilateral ECT was used in more than half of the departments concerned. Two treatments were given weekly. The types of apparatus and anaesthesia techniques used are described. One death, which had questionable relation to the ECT, was reported, and other complications were few and mild. The advantages of ECT compared to tricyclic antidepressants are described, including the higher percentage of remissions or improvements in the treatment of endogenous depressions (about 80 per cent for ECT compared to about 60 per cent for tricyclic antidepressants). Little risk was found in out-patient administration of ECT. With present techniques and unilateral placement of electrodes out-patient ECT may be recommended for wider use than before.
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PMID:Electroconvulsive therapy in Denmark. 125 87

The psychotropic drug therapy knowledge of eight types of health care practitioners was studied. An examination, dealing with case studies of schizophrenia, depression and mania, was developed. The categories of practitioners were: (1) clinical pharmacists in psychiatric practice, (2) psychiatrists, (3) physicians (nonpsychiatrists), (4) hospital pharmacists in mental health institutions, (5) hospital pharmacists in nonmental health institutions, (6) community pharmacists, (7) nurses in mental health institutions, and (8) nurses in nonmental health institutions. The specific areas of drug knowledge tested were: diagnosis; drug selection; side effects; adverse reactions; monitoring parameters; influence of other disease states; drug-drug interactions; drug-laboratory test interactions; and clinical drug judgment. Clinical pharmacists in psychiatric practice and psychiatrists had the highest scores, and the scores of these two groups were significantly higher than those of the other groups. Nurses practicing in nonmental health institutions had the lowest scores. The results suggested that clinical pharmacists trained in psychotropic drug therapy may be competent to manage this therapy of patients in mental health institutions. Patients receiving this therapy in nonpsychiatric facilities and in ambulatory environments are being served by physicians, nurses and pharmacists whose knowledge of psychotropic drug therapy may be inadequate.
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PMID:Psychotropic drug therapy knowledge of health care practitioners. 125 83

In order to prevent patients from stealing, two categories of delinquents are to be taken into consideration: Those who suffer from somatic diseases and psychoses, e.g. prophyria, hypoglycemia, hebephrenia, schizophrenia, depression, mania or epileptic semiconscious states must be treated according to the basic sickness and by means of a supporting psychotherapy. In court exculpation should be recommended. Other people who fell the urge to steal are psychosocially disturbed. This may begin with lying, bad results at school and during professional or university training, and sometimes with running away from home. As soon as the family doctor observes these or similar phenomena, he should inform the parents, in order to start a preventive therapy of the family together with the prospective thief.
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PMID:[Preventive psychotherapy for prevention of stealing]. 126 57

We studied 55 patients admitted during 14 months to two inpatient psychiatric units of a municipal hospital who exhibited one or more of the catatonic signs of mutism, stereotypy, posturing, catalepsy, automatic obedience, negativism, echolalia/echopraxia, or stupor. Only four of the 55 patients satisfied our research criteria for schizophrenia, whereas over two thirds had diagnosable affective disorders, usually mania. The eight catatonic motor signs were nonspecific and homogeneously distributed among the various research diagnostic groups, with the number and type of individual signs unrelated to short-term treatment outcome. A favorable treatment response was shown for the entire catatonic sample, with two thirds markedly improved or in remission at the time of discharge. These findings are consistent with those of other investigators of the catatonic syndrome for the past 100 years.
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PMID:Catatonia. A prospective clinical study. 126 74


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