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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The SFII (Short-Form Impairment Index, Horton and cols, 1986) was used to assess cognitive impairment in patients with DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia and its relationship to the positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms was studied. Two samples of DSM-III-R schizophrenic patients were studied. The first sample was composed of 30 consecutively inpatients admitted by recrudescence of their symptoms. The second was composed of 19 patients that were attending to a Day Psychiatric Hospital by recrudescence of their symptoms or by socio-familiar dysfunctions. The SFII included three subtest: the "Trail Making" Form B, and cubes and digit symbol from the WAIS, that were converted to typical scores adjusted to age (Reitan, 1973). The positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms were assessed by the Andreasen scales (SAPS y SANS). No differences in epidemiological variables were found between both samples. Higher cognitive impairment (lower SFII) and higher negative symptoms were significantly correlated in both samples. This result suggests that the SFII could be a good marker of cognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients in postacute samples and also in mixed schizophrenic patients (acute and defectual population). The SFII presented some limitations in our young samples derived from their age-corrected values.
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PMID:[The Short-Form impairment index (SFII) in schizophrenic patients]. 847 20

The parameters of auditory P300 were studied with reference-independent methods in a group of 18 remitted and residual schizophrenics, and in 18 age- and sex-matched controls. In the schizophrenic group, significant inverse correlations were found between P300 amplitudes and level of psychopathology assessed with the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms and with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Clinical variables regarding social functioning and adaptation, assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, and with axis V of DSM-III-R, correlated significantly with low amplitudes. The scalp locations of the maxima and minima of the P300 potentials had the tendency to be dislocated to the right in schizophrenics compared with controls. The results indicate low P300 amplitudes to be associated with pervasive cognitive impairment. Future studies will determine whether low P300 amplitudes have prognostic validity for course and outcome of schizophrenic disorders.
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PMID:Amplitudes of auditory P300 in remitted and residual schizophrenics: correlations with clinical features. 851 25

Recent neuroimaging studies of patients with schizophrenia have suggested structural and functional abnormalities of mesial temporal lobe structures. We compared the intelligence and memory test performance of 70 patients with schizophrenia and 72 patients with focal, lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy (30 left, 42 right temporal lobe) in order to examine the adequacy of a temporal lobe model of schizophrenic cognitive deficits. The groups did not differ in age, education, or Full Scale IQ. The right temporal lobe group had better overall memory performance than either the left temporal or schizophrenic patients. Unlike the schizophrenic patients, the memory impairment of the left temporal group was most evident with verbal materials and was amplified by delayed testing. Both epilepsy groups had better visual memory than the schizophrenic group. The clear differences in performance pattern between groups suggests that lateralized temporal lobe dysfunction does not by itself provide an adequate model of schizophrenic cognitive impairment.
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PMID:Memory and intelligence in lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia. 854 Dec 51

Some recent postmortem reports raise the possibility that Alzheimer-type pathology may be 6 to 12 times higher in elderly schizophrenia patients than in general population. One study indicates that neuroleptic treatment may be an important contributor. Other reports, however, suggest that cognitive impairment in elderly schizophrenia patients is seldom due to Alzheimer-type pathology, indicating that more detailed follow-up studies are needed. Since multiple epidemiological studies show that Alzheimer's disease is less prevalent in patients with medical conditions requiring anti-inflammatory drugs than in the general population, anti-inflammatory medication might be considered as an adjuvant to chronic neuroleptic treatment in elderly schizophrenia patients showing early signs of Alzheimer-type memory deficits.
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PMID:Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and anti-inflammatory agents. 868 52

Research has shown that schizophrenia patients are less able to identify a situation's abstract features (goals) than its concrete features (actions). However, it has been unclear whether this differential deficit represents a cognitive dysfunction or a lack of familiarity with many situations because of impoverished social experiences. Twenty-nine inpatients with DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia completed the Situational Feature Recognition Test, Version 2 (SFRT-2). The SFRT-2 included familiar and unfamiliar situations of which subjects were asked to identify characteristic goals and actions. A 2 x 2 x 2 analysis of variance (group by feature abstraction by situational familiarity) found a significant three-way interaction. Post-hoc analyses suggested that patients were better able to recognize concrete features in familiar situations. Differences in discriminating power of the four conditions of the SFRT-2 had been diminished on standardization and cross-validation groups. Therefore, the differential deficits shown by the patient sample probably do not represent psychometric confound. Implications for remediation of social cognitive deficits are discussed.
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PMID:Situational familiarity and feature recognition in schizophrenia. 868 58

This paper reviews all relevant articles that reported structural neuroimaging or neuropsychological data in adolescent patients with schizophrenia. These papers were subsequently examined from a methodological perspective. Few papers have been written that have examined whether adolescent schizophrenia is associated with structural neuroimaging abnormalities or cognitive dysfunction. In these studies, major methodologic issues exist. Therefore, at present, firm conclusions cannot be made regarding the presence or absence of neuropsychologic dysfunction or structural neuroimaging abnormalities in this population. Attention to certain methodologic issues may improve future studies of this topic.
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PMID:Adolescent schizophrenia: a methodologic review of the current neuroimaging and neuropsychologic literature. 872 31

Although attentional dysfunction is considered a predominant feature of schizophrenia, it is seldom quantitatively assessed in clinical practice. A simple paper-and-pencil test of selective attention (Ruff et al., 1986) provides a 5-min assessment with theoretical relevance for schizophrenia. Thirty schizophrenic subjects performed the 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test, which measures speed and accuracy, and compares controlled and automatic information processing. Ninety percent of the subjects displayed automatic processing. Speed was severely impaired, and accuracy was less so. Sixty-seven percent of the schizophrenic subjects performed in the normal range (+/-1 SD) for accuracy, but only 23% scored in the normal range for speed. Speed and accuracy were moderately correlated. Although theories of a lateralized deficit were not supported, the results are consistent with a hypothesized frontal lobe dysfunction. The automatic processing demonstrated may represent old learning. Poor controlled processing may preclude the acquisition of automatic functioning. This selective attention test may provide a measure of severity of cognitive impairment relevant to daily life functioning.
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PMID:A simple clinical assessment of attention in schizophrenia. 872 5

Neuroleptics have been held responsible for cognitive impairments and negative symptoms in the course of schizophrenia. On the other hand, recent data suggest that alterations in information processing, cognitive and neuro-psychological functions are present at early stages in the developmental course of the illness. Two recent reviews, by D. King and G. Cassens suggest that, although acute administration of neuroleptics may alter performances in some neuro-psychological functions, there is no convincing evidence so far, to support a significant role of chronic neuroleptic treatment in the development of negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Despite several methodological limitations, which preclude any definitive statement, experimental and clinical data suggest that chronic neuroleptic treatment might improve neuropsychological functioning and the deficit syndrome, in some groups of schizophrenic patients. These results are examined in the framework of recent theoretical developments, which emphasize the role of cognitive dysfunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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PMID:[Tolerance of neuroleptics, deficit syndrome and cognitive functions]. 876 43

Performance on the span of apprehension task, a well-studied information processing task in schizophrenia research, was examined in 11 schizophrenia patients and 11 normal comparison participants, all over the age of 45 years. Subjects detected "T' and "F' targets in briefly-flashed arrays of 1, 6, and 12 letters on the span task. Consistent with previously reported findings in younger schizophrenia patients, the older patients detected significantly fewer targets in the larger (12-letter), but not smaller (1-, or 6-letter), arrays. The older schizophrenia patients also showed significantly slower reaction times in all array-size conditions. Neither age of onset nor duration of illness was significantly correlated with span task performance. The characteristic span of apprehension task deficit found in the older schizophrenia patients suggests that late-life schizophrenia shares a common cognitive impairment with childhood and young adulthood schizophrenia, and provides supportive evidence for a possible stable vulnerability trait deficit in schizophrenia that is independent of age of onset and duration of illness.
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PMID:Span of apprehension deficits in older outpatients with schizophrenia. 879 93

Clinical and neuropsychological studies of chronically institutionalized patients with schizophrenia indicate that severe cognitive impairment and functional disability in late life are very prevalent. The biological substrates for this dementia remain unknown. While subtle cytoarchitectural and morphometric abnormalities have been described in patients with schizophrenia and interpreted as reflecting aberrant neurodevelopment, postmaturational injury or neurodegeneration associated with gliosis remain as plausible explanations of at least some of the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia. We monitored astrocytosis and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation in 21 elderly patients with schizophrenia (14 with concurrent dementia, 7 without), and in 12 normal and 5 Alzheimer's disease (AD) control cases. Astrocytes in ventromedial temporal, frontal, and calcarine cortices were immunohistochemically identified with monoclonal antibodies directed at glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin, and NFTs were labeled with an anti-tau antibody specific for paired helical filaments. There were no increases in GFAP- or vimentin-immunoreactive astrocyte counts, GFAP optical density, or NFT counts for the schizophrenic group as a whole compared to the non-neuropsychiatric group, while both groups differed from AD. When patients with schizophrenia were divided into demented and non-demented subtypes, those with dementia demonstrated significantly greater numbers of GFAP-positive astrocytes than those without dementia. These data may reflect an up-regulation of GFAP in normal astrocytes or the presence of reactive astrocytosis in a subgroup of schizophrenics. In the absence of any diagnostic neuropathological findings in this subgroup, the implications of these observations for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia remain to be determined.
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PMID:Glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytosis in elderly patients with schizophrenia and dementia. 883 39


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