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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty-seven chronic schizophrenic patients and nine other psychiatric patients closely matched in education were compared on the Halstead-Reitan Battery and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The schizophrenic patients as a group showed significantly poorer performance on the WAIS (full scale: X +/- SD, 92.9 +/- 2.9 vs. 110.8 +/- 2.1, p less than .002) and the Halstead-Reitan Battery (HRB; Average Impairment Range = 2.1 +/- .2 vs. 1.12 +/- .06, p less than .003). In addition the schizophrenic patients did significantly worse than did nonschizophrenic patients on all WAIS subtests and scored in the impaired range on most HRB subtests. Computed axial tomography scans revealed large ventricles on nine schizophrenic patients and cortical atrophy on three others. Among schizophrenics, the enlarged ventricle group consistently scored the worst. No relationship was seen between neuropsychological test performance and degree of ongoing psychopathology as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. These findings are consistent with previous reports of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and are discussed in terms of regional localization. They provide additional evidence that the impairment is related to the disease process and that structural abnormalities are associated with the more severe condition.
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PMID:Schizophrenic dementia. Clinical and computed axial tomography correlates. 335 99

The importance of differentiating depressive pseudodementia from true dementia seems to be well recognized by psychiatrists, yet there seems less recognition that other functional psychoses in the elderly can present with symptoms of cognitive impairment. In this report, we describe two patients--one suffering from late onset schizophrenia and one from a manic illness--who were diagnosed as suffering from dementia in the early stages of their illnesses. We discuss some of the difficulties in making diagnoses in these cases which include an historical tendency for clinicians, including psychiatrists, to assume an organic aetiology for first presentation psychoses in old age. Although the concept of pseudodementia has been criticised in recent years, we conclude that it retains its clinical utility in that it orientates the clinician to the importance of recognizing treatable functional psychoses in the elderly.
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PMID:Pseudodementia in schizophrenia and mania. 337 27

A number of studies of schizophrenia have demonstrated associations between cognitive impairment and both cerebral ventricle size and negative symptomatology. The nature of these associations, however, have been obscured by interstudy differences in the assessment of cognitive functioning and by the lack of function-related specificity in measures of structural brain abnormality. In this study, 28 SCID-diagnosed chronic schizophrenic inpatients were administered a brief comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests, a computed tomography (CT) scan, and were rated for positive and negative symptomatology. Enlarged ventricle-to-brain ratio (VBR) of the anterior portion of the lateral ventricles, the frontal horns, was found to be related to deficits in general intellectual level, conceptual thinking, immediate verbal memory, and psychomotor speed. VBR of the more usually studied bodies of the lateral ventricles was associated only with deficits in verbal memory and motor speed. VBRs were unrelated to both positive and negative symptom measures in this sample. Results suggest that more widespread impairment of schizophrenics' cognitive functioning may be related to structural abnormality within the frontal lobes, complementing recent findings linking structural and metabolic abnormalities of this area of the brain to the disease itself.
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PMID:Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: specific relations to ventricular size and negative symptomatology. 337 Feb 77

Similar changes in the spoken language of schizophrenic patients were demonstrated in two separate studies. Schizophrenic patients used less depth of clausal embedding and fewer reduced relative clauses; they uttered more semantically deviant sentences and were more dysfluent than either manic patients or control subjects. They appeared to demonstrate a language impairment characterized especially by reduced syntactic complexity. Four linguistic variables in a discriminant analysis produced an overall diagnostic confidence for schizophrenia in "grouped" subjects of 87 percent, replicating at 83 percent for "ungrouped" subjects from a separate study. These results demonstrate the stability of language changes in schizophrenia, together with acceptable levels of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Currently, the possible diagnostic utility of language analysis is constrained by its time-consuming nature. The issue of whether the language changes represent a specific (linguistic) or general cognitive impairment is being addressed in a second phase of the current study.
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PMID:Language changes in schizophrenia: a limited replication. 371 18

Schizophrenia is often said to cause dementia, and previous studies have found cognitive impairment to be associated with schizophrenia. It is possible, however, that other causes of dementia and the study of patients not representative of all schizophrenics have contributed to these findings. The neuropsychological test scores of 26 schizophrenic outpatients were compared to those of 82 other patients with a history of psychosis. After other known causes of cognitive impairment were controlled for, the schizophrenics were not found to have cognitive impairment when compared to the other patients.
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PMID:Confounding and the dementia of schizophrenia. 379 49

The choice reaction time performances of matched groups of hospitalized patients diagnosed schizophrenic or depressed were compared with normal controls to test a hypothesis concerning thought disorder specific to schizophrenia. Both patient groups were abnormal compared to controls providing evidence inconsistent with the diagnostic specificity issue. The results are discussed in terms of cognitive dysfunction in depression, the effects of institutionalization and the problems of diagnostic heterogeneity.
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PMID:Choice reaction time performance in hospitalized schizophrenic patients and depressed patients. 380

There is an urgent need for efficient, non-invasive measures of neurotoxic insult in humans. The late positive component (LPC) of the event-related cortical potential may be such a measure. The latency and amplitude of the LPC have been related to both memory and response speed, two aspects of behavior which are indicators of neurological status. The LPC has been found to be altered in cases of known neurophysiological insult, including Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease, surgical and traumatic damage, hyperkinesis, chronic alcoholism, mental retardation, and in schizophrenia. Further development of the LPC as a possible indicator of both the cognitive impairment due to neurotoxic substances as well as the site of neurological damage is warranted.
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PMID:The late positive component of the evoked cortical potential: application to neurotoxicity testing. 390 31

An extensive analysis of prevalence rates of cognitive impairment and other mental morbidities was carried out as part of a five-site national study on the health and mental health of an ambulatory population. This study reports on prevalence rates contrasted by age across the 18 and over population for cognitive impairment and other diagnoses in the Baltimore, Maryland, site of this study. Differences in prevalence rates by age are striking. Eight conditions have rates above 1 per cent among those 64 and younger: phobia (13.8 per cent), alcohol use disorder (6.5 per cent), obsessive compulsive disorder (2.2 per cent), schizophrenia (1.4 per cent), and panic disorder (1.2 per cent). For the older group, 65 to 74 years, five conditions have such prevalence rates: phobic disorder (12.1 per cent), severe cognitive impairment (3.0 per cent), alcohol use disorder (2.1 per cent), obsessive compulsive disorder (2.2 per cent), and dysthymia (1.0 per cent). For the oldest group, those 75 and over, only four conditions have rates of 1 per cent or more. These are: phobic disorders (10.1 per cent), severe cognitive impairment (9.3 per cent), major depression (1.3 per cent), and dysthymia (1.1 per cent). Rates of cognitive impairment increase markedly with age and high rates of this disorder were found among those never married, separated, divorced, or widowed. Implications of these findings for understanding mental morbidity among the elderly and issues for future planning are discussed.
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PMID:Patterns of mental disorders among the elderly residents of eastern Baltimore. 398 84

The implicit rationale for many cognitive studies of schizophrenia hinges on the recognition that verbal communication generated by patients with this disorder is often elusive or difficult to comprehend. This observation has led to the inference that a cognitive dysfunction, which mediates the production of discourse failure, is characteristic of schizophrenia. Unfortunately, most investigators have chosen to examine this type of hypothesis by comparing heterogeneous groups of schizophrenic patients (without regard to whether they exhibit verbal communication impairment) with various control samples; they have not studied the association between cognitive processes and specific schizophrenic symptoms. Data are presented from two studies indicating that such relationships, even when highly plausible, cannot simply be presumed. In both studies, one with adults suffering from schizophrenia and the other with children at risk, a laboratory measure of referential communication failed to be strongly related to language disorder. These data suggest that future investigators should specify the features of schizophrenia that are expected to correlate with their laboratory measures and empirically evaluate these relations.
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PMID:The need to relate cognitive deficits to specific behavioral referents of schizophrenia. 401 28

Fifty-six patients with RDC schizophrenia (42) or schizoaffective disorder (14), of two to 20 years' duration, were assessed for neurological 'soft' signs and cognitive impairment when in a stable condition--the 'outcome'. Neurological dysfunction (46% of 50 examined patients) was associated with a history of developmental abnormalities, but was unrelated to outcome, psychiatric symptoms, or treatment. Deficits in particular cognitive fields were related to two independent factors: overall severity of residual psychiatric disorder (outcome) and neurological dysfunction. There was no relationship between the size of the lateral brain ventricles on CT scan and either 'soft' signs or cognitive impairment. The findings do not provide evidence for an association between the presence of organic brain disorder (as indicated by the joint occurrence of neurological dysfunction and cognitive impairment) and either poor outcome or particular symptoms of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome. III: Neurological 'soft' signs, cognitive impairment and their clinical significance. 401 37


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