Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Animal data indicate that serotonin (5-HT) is a major neurotransmitter involved in the control of numerous central nervous system functions including mood, aggression, pain, anxiety, sleep, memory, eating behavior, addictive behavior, temperature control, endocrine regulation, and motor behavior. Moreover, there is evidence that abnormalities of 5-HT functions are related to the pathophysiology of diverse neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, dystonia, Huntington's disease, familial tremor, restless legs syndrome, myoclonus, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, sleep disorders, and dementia. The psychiatric disorders of schizophrenia, mania, depression, aggressive and self-injurious behavior, obsessive compulsive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, substance abuse, hypersexuality, anxiety disorders, bulimia, childhood hyperactivity, and behavioral disorders in geriatric patients have been linked to impaired central 5-HT functions. Tryptophan, the natural amino acid precursor in 5-HT biosynthesis, increases 5-HT synthesis in the brain and, therefore, may stimulate 5-HT release and function. Since it is a natural constituent of the diet, tryptophan should have low toxicity and produce few side effects. Based on these advantages, dietary tryptophan supplementation has been used in the management of neuropsychiatric disorders with variable success. This review summarizes current clinical use of tryptophan supplementation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
 ...
PMID:L-tryptophan in neuropsychiatric disorders: a review. 130 30

Schizophrenia patients often display multiple repetitive behaviors. We investigated relations among nine repetitive behaviors and evaluated the hypothesis that these behaviors are varied manifestations of a single underlying biobehavioral disturbance. Nine repetitive behaviors from the Elgin Behavioral Rating Scale were assessed in 400 schizophrenia patients residing at a state hospital. A majority of patients were smokers (76.3%) and very few had pica (3%). Several other repetitive behaviors showed substantial frequency. A principal components analysis revealed eight of nine behaviors shared at least 10% of their variance with a single, common component. However, a principal factor analysis suggested a five-factor model best represented the data. The five factors and items identifying them were: (1) 'oral consumption' behaviors-polydipsia and smoking; (2) 'Kluver-Bucy' behaviors-bulimia and hypersexuality; (3) 'movement' behaviors-mannerisms/postures and pacing; (4) 'bizarre use of objects'-bizarre grooming and hoarding; (5) 'Pica'. Associations among repetitive behaviors varied. Symptoms such as smoking and polydipsia appeared reliably related, and others such as pica appeared discrete and independent. Overall, the data did not support the 'single disturbance' hypothesis and suggested a multifactorial model is needed to characterize repetitive behavior disturbances in schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Repetitive behaviors in schizophrenia: a single disturbance or discrete symptoms? 879 13

The Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) is characterized by periodic, sudden-onset episodes of hypersomnia, compulsive hyperphagia, and behavioral-emotional disorders (typically indiscriminate hypersexuality, irritability, impulsive behaviors), lasting from a few days to a few weeks, with almost complete remission in the intercritical periods. Depression, confusion, and thought disorders are frequently associated with the critical symptomatology, and they may suggest other psychiatric diagnoses (schizophrenia, mood disorder, conversion disorder) or a substance abuse. A diencephalic-hypothalamic dysfunction is suspected, even if this composite symptomatology cannot easily be linked to a simple mechanism. The aim of this article is to illustrate problems in differential diagnosis, using a case approach. History, course, and therapeutic intervention in a 21-year-old patient with KLS, associated with a clear psychiatric symptomatology and a critical affective pattern, is reported. Psychiatric correlates of KLS are discussed, including the relationship with affective disorders and the possible emotional impact of the attacks. Implications regarding a combined psychological and pharmacological treatment are also discussed.
 ...
PMID:The Kleine-Levin syndrome as a neuropsychiatric disorder: a case report. 1085 65

The purpose of this article is to report an original clinical case whose symptoms suggest a very peculiar pathology, because of its rarity, symptomatic expression and unclear etiopathogenesis: the Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS). During the regression of tonsillitis concomitant with an emotional shock, the 15-year-old patient exhibited a dramatic change in behaviour, at odds with his previous state, and accompanied by hypersomnia and confusion, megaphagia, irritability, hypersexuality and mood disorders. We observed a spontaneous and total regression of the symptoms after 12 days, except for the incomplete amnesia that proved to be persistent. Four months later, further to an ethylic drunkenness, the patient presented with a new and similar episode. The patient benefited from no medicinal treatment, even in the course of hypersomnia episodes and asymptomatic periods. After a clinical presentation of this patient, we will consider this case study from a more psychopathological angle by questioning the existence of a facilitating psychological profile. The discovery of an IQ equal to 86 from the scores of WISC-IV, and the identification of constructive visual difficulties made us suspect neurological disorders, but these abnormalities were not found during the completion of the Rey Complex Figure Test. The personality profile issued from the scores at the MMPI-A assessment was ranked as barely significant (type 2-4): indeed, it showed nothing specific to this patient. Literature data show that most of the patients presenting with a KLS have been seen by a psychiatrist at the time of the disease and diagnosed as suffering from hysteria, or schizophrenia, or bipolar disorders... Because of diagnostic wanderings, some patients have, hence, received inappropriate treatments. One should pay close attention to this very rare syndrome, on the border between neurology and psychiatry, since its diagnosis is essentially based on clinical features, and carefully think about the implementation of a medicinal treatment. This unique case seems unable to support our working hypothesis about the identification of a particular psychological profile in the KLS, but the question of an underlying fragility is still worth considering. We personally think that, even though links between the KLS and bipolar disorders have been suggested, this disease has to be considered as a separate entity.
 ...
PMID:[Kleine-Levin syndrome: a case report]. 2015 93

Sexual dysfunction is a common side effect in patients treated with antipsychotics but significant differences exist across different compounds. We report hypersexuality symptoms in two female patients with schizophrenia who were receiving treatment with aripiprazole. The patients experienced more frequent sexual desire and greater sexual preoccupation after taking aripiprazole. We discuss the potential neuro-chemical mechanisms for this and argue that aripiprazole's unique pharmacological profile, partial agonism with high affinity at dopamine D2-receptor, may have contributed to the development of these symptoms.
...
PMID:Two cases of hypersexuality probably associated with aripiprazole. 2379 70

We report the case of a 19-year-old male student with a Kleine-Levin syndrome who was referred to our sleep laboratory during an episode of hypersomnia, hypersexuality, cognitive impairment and bizarre behaviour. Owing to similar clinical symptoms, he had been misdiagnosed with schizophrenia. This had led to a placement in a facility for persons with chronic schizophrenia, antipsychotic pharmacotherapy for 4 years and side effects, including substantial weight gain and hypertension. After cessation of the antipsychotic medication, the weight and blood pressure normalised. We started a prophylactic treatment with lithium under which the patient had become asymptomatic and had been able to begin a vocational training since treatment.
...
PMID:Sleep-related psychosis. 2383 6

Lurasidone was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia, as well as for the treatment of bipolar depression. However, emerging reports have indicated various adverse drug reactions with the use of lurasidone. Thus, in this article, we have analyzed the risk profile of lurasidone in the established therapeutic indication. A total of 419 studies were published from October 2010-July 2019 regarding lurasidone. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 studies were selected for the analysis of risk. The adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of these studies were categorized as per the innovator summary of product characteristics (SmPC). Finally, the unlisted ADRs were analyzed by using the Naranjo probability algorithm. Telogen effluvium, thrombocytopenia, restless leg syndrome and hypersexuality were found with the use of lurasidone and fall under the unlisted category. The causality assessment has shown a probable correlation of lurasidone with hypersexuality, restless leg syndrome, thrombocytopenia and possible relation with telogen effluvium. In conclusion, lurasidone is a novel and efficacious pharmacological treatment for bipolar depression and schizophrenia. However, more data regarding the safety of this drug in a large population is needed.
 ...
PMID:Risk Analysis of Lurasidone in Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Depression. 3212 4

Modafinil is used for the treatment of narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and as add-on therapy for psychiatric diseases such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, depression, cocaine addiction. The exact mechanism of action is unknown. Modafinil may be helpful for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. The addition of modafinil to antidepressant treatment may provide positive effects on sexual dysfunction. However, side effects such as hypersexuality and unwanted orgasm have been reported with modafinil treatment. In this article, a patient who had developed spontaneous ejaculations after the addition of modafinil for the treatment of depression with venlafaxine is discussed. Although venlafaxine treatment continued after the discontinuation of modafinil, spontaneous ejaculation did not continue. It should be kept in mind that agents with dopaminergic and noradrenergic effects, such as modafinil, can cause undesirable sexual side effects.
 ...
PMID:Modafinil Induced Spontaneous Ejaculation Without Orgasm: A Case Report. 3325 71