Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The principal brain synaptic vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) is responsible for the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and histamine from the cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles, thus contributing to determination of the size of releasable neurotransmitter vesicular pools. Potential involvement of VMAT2 gene variants in the etiology of schizophrenia and related disorders was tested using polymorphic VMAT2 gene markers in 156 subjects from 16 multiplex pedigrees with schizophrenia, schizophreniform, schizoaffective, and schizotypal disorders and mood incongruent psychotic depression. Assuming genetic homogeneity, complete (theta = 0.0) linkage to the schizophrenia spectrum was excluded under both dominant and recessive models. Allelic variants at the VMAT2 locus do not appear to provide major genetic contributions to the etiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders in these pedigrees.
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PMID:Exclusion of close linkage between the synaptic vesicular monoamine transporter locus and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. 882 97

The treatment of refractory major depression, including the psychotic subtype, is a therapeutic challenge. Three cases of resistant psychotic depression were treated with clozapine monotherapy, an atypical antipsychotic drug effective in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and mania. Both psychotic and mood symptoms responded well to clozapine monotherapy, although response was delayed in one case. Tardive dyskinesia improved markedly, and tardive dystonia improved moderately in one patient. No patient relapsed during a follow-up period of 4-6 years of clozapine treatment. Clozapine was well-tolerated with few side effects. These observations suggest controlled trials of clozapine in the treatment of psychotic depression that fails to respond to electroconvulsive therapy or typical neuroleptics plus tricyclic antidepressants are indicated. The same is true for the use of clozapine in maintenance treatment for psychotic depression in those cases in which typical neuroleptic drugs are required, in order to reduce the risk of tardive dyskinesia and dystonia.
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PMID:Acute and long-term effectiveness of clozapine in treatment-resistant psychotic depression. 887 71

In clinical populations, it has been reported that African-American patients are more likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia than similar Caucasian patients. Factors contributing to this racial discrepancy are poorly defined. The authors examined the hypothesis that racial differences in severity of first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia contribute to this diagnostic difference. Patients were recruited as part of the DSM-IV Field Trial for Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders, and evaluated using a structured rating instrument. Symptom and diagnostic comparisons were performed between black and white patients. Black patients were significantly more likely than white patients to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and less likely with psychotic depression. Racial differences in symptom profiles were observed with black patients demonstrating more severe psychotic symptoms, in general, and first-rank symptoms, specifically. There were no racial differences in rates of affective syndromes or severity of affective symptoms. Racial disparity in diagnosis of psychotic patients may be in part secondary to more severe first-rank symptoms in black patients, causing clinicians to stray from DSM-III-R criteria.
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PMID:Racial differences in the diagnosis of psychosis. 887 79

Phospholipid metabolism abnormalities have been suggested by a number of postmortem brain and red blood cell studies in schizophrenia. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy enables the examination of phospholipid metabolism in living patients. These in vivo studies have demonstrated that schizophrenic patients have lower prefrontal levels of phosphomonoesters and higher levels of phosphodiesters compared to matched controls. Patients with psychotic depression also seem to show lower levels of phosphomonoesters compared to controls. This suggests that membrane phospholipid differences may not be specific to schizophrenia. Preliminary 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies at high field strength on postmortem temporal lobe samples show no differences between treated schizophrenic patients and controls for phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine which are the main constituents of the phosphomonoester peak. Further studies are underway in the prefrontal region. While 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have demonstrated membrane phospholipid abnormalities in schizophrenia, it is not clear whether these findings are specific to schizophrenia or part of a generalized membrane phospholipid abnormality.
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PMID:31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in schizophrenia. 888 33

The nature of the thinking disturbances found in adolescent-onset psychotic conditions is not as well-characterized as the thought disorders found in adult psychotic patients. We used the Thought Disorder Index to examine whether schizophrenic patients in whom psychotic symptoms appear in adolescence show the same characteristic features of thought disorder as do adult schizophrenics. Quantitative and qualitative features of thought disorder were assessed in psychiatric inpatients with adolescent-onset schizophrenia, psychotic depression, and nonpsychotic conditions compared with normal control adolescents. Elevated thought disorder occurred in all groups of adolescents hospitalized for an acute episode of psychiatric illness. The magnitude of the elevation and the frequency of occurrence of disordered thinking were greatest in the psychotic adolescents. The qualitative features of the thought disturbances found in the schizophrenic adolescents were distinct from those observed in adolescents with psychotic depression. The thinking of the schizophrenic adolescents resembled that of adult schizophrenics. In both conditions thought disorder is characterized by idiosyncratic word usage, illogical reasoning, perceptual confusion, loss of realistic attunement to the task, and loosely related ideas.
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PMID:Thought disorder in adolescent-onset schizophrenia. 906 11

Negative symptoms were examined in 150 primarily first-admission patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychotic depression, psychotic bipolar disorder, and 'other' psychoses. The analysis focused on patients who were rated on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) within 45 days of admission and at follow-up 6 months later. Significantly more schizophrenics had moderate to severe negative symptoms at each time point compared with other psychotic patients. The SANS scores were found to be relatively stable over time in all five diagnostic groups. Although the DSM-IV includes alogia, affective flattening, and avolition in the A criterion for schizophrenia, only alogia and affective flattening were found to be specific to this disorder. Our results point to the existence and enduring quality of negative symptoms in the early phase of psychosis and its specificity to schizophrenia even at this early stage.
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PMID:Diagnosis and six-month stability of negative symptoms in psychotic disorders. 906 10

Psychosis commonly occurs as a direct result of complex partial seizure disorder (CPSD). This organic mental disorder is indeed "complex" and is easily and frequently misdiagnosed as a variety of functional disorders, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar illness, psychotic depression, and, at best, "atypical psychosis." However, this important clinical syndrome has several clinical features that suggest its presence and which often permit it to be distinguished from other forms of psychosis. Furthermore, this disorder can be successfully treated with limbic anticonvulsants, with or without neuroleptics and/or lithium, but it is generally refractory to neuroleptic medications alone. In this paper, the author reviews the available literature relevant to the clinical phenomenology and treatment of this topic and illustrates the clinical profiles of 10 treatment-refractory patients admitted to a state hospital with previously undiagnosed psychoses secondary to CPSD. This illness needs to be seriously considered in the differential diagnosis of severely ill patients with atypical psychoses refractory to traditional treatments.
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PMID:The phenomenology of psychosis associated with complex partial seizure disorder. 916 35

Six-month outcome status was examined in 202 first-admission inpatients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia spectrum (N = 96), psychotic bipolar disorder (N = 64), and psychotic depression (N = 42) drawn from 10 facilities in Suffolk County, New York. Schizophrenics fared significantly worse on all outcome variables rehospitalization, which ranged from 17.7 to 23.4%. Bipolars had good psychosocial outcomes regardless of clinical outcome, while the two outcome domains were uncorrelated among schizophrenics and psychotic depressed. Schizophreniform patients had significantly better outcome than those with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Posthospital treatment was generally unrelated to outcome except that fewer rehospitalized schizophrenics received continuous treatment, and patients with psychotic depression with poorer psychosocial outcome received medication less frequently. These findings highlight the different treatment needs of these diagnostic groups, especially as regards the provision of more intensive rehabilitation for schizophrenic patients and the "poor-outcome" psychotic depressed.
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PMID:Diagnosis, treatment, and six-month outcome status in first-admission psychosis. 924 95

As the new generation of atypical antipsychotics becomes available, the limitations of the older typical agents become apparent. The new medications, which have benefits other than the alleviation of positive symptoms of schizophrenia, may also be beneficial for psychotic disorders that have responded poorly to conventional neuroleptics. This article will describe the potential use of the atypical antipsychotics, especially olanzapine, for affective mood disturbances in schizophrenia, psychotic depression and mania, first-break schizophrenia, comorbid schizophrenia and substance abuse disorders, dementia in the elderly and those with late-onset schizophrenia, and behavioral problems in patients with mental retardation or developmental delays.
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PMID:Olanzapine and the new generation of antipsychotic agents: patterns of use. 926 12

This paper investigates the association between various psychiatric disorders and violent behavior using data from a community-based epidemiological study of young adults in Israel (N = 2678). Self-reports of recent fighting and weapon use were elevated among respondents diagnosed with psychotic or bipolar disorders but not among those diagnosed with non-psychotic depression, generalized anxiety disorder or phobias compared to respondents without these disorders. Violence was measured using the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview; psychiatric disorders were diagnosed using a modified version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. The analyses controlled for lifetime substance abuse, antisocial personality disorder and demographic characteristics, thereby extending support for a causal connection between some types of psychiatric disorders and violence. The association between disorder and violence was stronger among respondents with less education, indicating the potentially important role of social and cultural contexts in moderating the association between mental illness and violence.
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PMID:Violence and psychiatric disorders: results from an epidemiological study of young adults in Israel. 935 33


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