Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since neither the unipolar nor the bipolar theories of manic-depressive psychosis explain all its features, an alternative model was tested. The hypotheses are that mixed affective psychoses represent a superimposition on hypomania of a second type of depression which can sometimes develop from the depressive phase of manic-depressive psychosis, and that schizophrenia occurring in the course of a manic-depressive illness is an alternative to mixed affective psychosis. From an examination of the clinical histories of a random sample of people with bipolar manic-depressive psychosis, evidence was found to support both ideas.
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PMID:Mixed affective states and the natural history of manic-depressive psychosis. 42 31

In 57 patients with psicovegetative disorders and abnormal MMPI, abnormality in MMPI scales indicating hypochondriasis, hysteria, gender deviant, paranoia, psychastenia, schizophrenia, hypomania or introversion was accompanied by increased plasma catecholamine levels and/or responses to hypoglycemia or by an increased cardiovascular reactivity. A high depression scale was associated with lower plasma catecholamine levels. Blunted plasma growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia were found in abnormal hypomania scale, and augmented responses of plasma cortisol in abnormal hysteria or schizophrenia scales. Paranoia and hypomania traits correlated with absence of morning-evening differences in blood cortisol levels. Electrodermal responses compatible with increased sympathetic activity correlated with high hysteria, gender, paranoia, schizophrenia or hypomania MMPI scales. This study indicates that most psychopathological traits in MMPI are accompanied by humoral and/or electrophysiological signs of abnormality of the autonomic nervous system.
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PMID:Some neurovegetative correlates of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 136 36

In the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression study, data were collected on 2226 first-degree relatives of 612 probands. A second, "blind" reassessment of all relatives was attempted 6 years after the initial evaluation. We report on a final sample of 1629 relatives assessed twice using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime version. We summarize methods for using stability of diagnosis to model the relationship between clinical covariates and the probability of being a true case. Moreover, we define an index of caseness that can be used to narrow the criteria for who is a case. Of those positive for major depressive disorder at initial evaluation, 74% were positive (on a lifetime basis) at follow-up (ie, were stable). There is a gradient: 48% of those who had three symptoms and no treatment were stable, compared with 96% of those with eight symptoms and treatment. For major depressive disorder, we found the caseness index for those with lifetime mania more severe than that of nonbipolar patients, with those who had hypomania being intermediate. A hierarchical analysis indicated that bipolar I tends to be diagnosed as schizoaffective-manic across occasions, and vice versa. This is consistent with the prior familial analyses that suggest these two diagnoses be combined into a single bipolar phenotype. The analysis for major depressive disorder indicates that caseness appears to represent quantitative, rather than qualitative, differences, with no natural cutoff to identify distinct subgroups. Finally, we discuss implications including utility in genetic analyses, estimation of incidence or prevalence allowing for diagnostic error, and examination of cohort effects.
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PMID:Stability of psychiatric diagnoses. An application to the affective disorders. 141 36

The historical antecedents of the current diagnostic criteria for mania involve the German phenomenologic descriptions of the late 1800s, the introduction of lithium for treatment and prevention of mania (which broadened the definition of mania in this country), the attempts to subclassify bipolar disorder into at least two subtypes, and the differentiation of patients with mania and hypomania from those with depression alone. Current diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder are delineated in DSM-III-R. The differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder includes other conditions that may have manic-like symptoms, including organic mood disorders such as endocrine or metabolic conditions, drug intoxications, and tumors. Mania occurring in the context of substance abuse would be called a secondary mania. In addition, schizoaffective disorder can be diagnosed if there is a manic syndrome superimposed in the context of schizophrenia. Because of the absence of duration criteria for mania in DSM-III-R, the differential diagnosis within the bipolar disorders is largely based on severity and duration of depression. A problem in studying mania at present is that the prototypic cases have largely disappeared from treatment centers because of the success of lithium maintenance treatment. Patients available for study at psychiatric treatment facilities are largely treatment resistant, atypical, and likely to have experienced considerable amounts of substance abuse in their histories. Among the changes being considered for DSM-IV are to include duration criteria for mania, to separate bipolar II patients (depression and hypomania) from bipolar not otherwise specified, to refine the criteria for hypomania, and to add rapid cycling to the list of parenthetical modifiers for bipolar disorder with mania and bipolar disorder with hypomania.
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PMID:Differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder. 154 21

For 152 psychiatric inpatients scores on the Beck Depression Scale, State form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Self-report Inventory, Hopelessness Scale and 3 MMPI scales, Hypochondriasis, Schizophrenia, and Hypomania, were factor analyzed. The two factors appeared to confirm Gotlib's 1984 suggestion that such questionnaires measure general distress, as responding endorses negative affect.
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PMID:Measurement and interrelations of psychiatric symptomatology in inpatients. 189 29

Ninety-one patients who were treated for lumbar disc herniation with chymopapain chemonucleolysis were evaluated preoperatively by means of the Health Attribution Test (HAT) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). There were 54 good, 10 fair, and 27 poor results after chemo-nucleolysis. Nineteen patients subsequently underwent lumbar laminectomy and discectomy and the ultimate outcome for the entire series including these laminectomy patients was 66 good, 10 fair, and 15 poor results. The fair/poor chemonucleolysis outcome patients scored significantly lower than did the good outcome patients on the HAT Powerful Others and significantly higher on the Chance scale. Patients with fair or poor outcomes after chemonucleolysis only scored significantly higher on the Hypochondriasis, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Paranoia, and Hypomania scales in preoperative MMPI testing. Good versus fair/poor ultimate outcome patients differed significantly on preoperative MMPI Hypochondriasis, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Paranoia, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia, Hypomania, and Social Introversion scales. These groups also differed significantly on preoperative HAT Internal and Chance scales. Further analyses found the MMPI to be a slightly better predictor of chemonucleolysis outcome and much better predictor of ultimate outcome than the HAT.
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PMID:Lumbar disc herniations: the predictive value of the Health Attribution Test (HAT) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). 298 60

Twenty-one patients who met DSM-III criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) and also scored at least 7 on the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) were assessed on four biological markers: electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep, in vitro lithium ratio, platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO), and dexamethasone suppression test (DST). REM latency averaged 58.66 (SD 14.39); platelet MAO averaged 21.74 (SD 10.33); and lithium ratio was 0.357 (SD 0.139) in the BPD patients. All of those values were significantly abnormal. Many patients had abnormalities on three or four measures. These patients in general had multiple Axis I diagnoses from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), and these Axis I diagnoses tended to produce patient clusters. Patients with a DIS diagnosis of schizophrenia, mania, hypomania, or schizoaffective mania had elevated lithium, low MAO, and normal EEG sleep, while those patients with coexisting major depression tended to have short rapid eye movement (REM) latency, high REM density, and normal MAO and lithium ratio. Only two patients were nonsuppressors on the DST, confirming recent reports of normal DST results in personality disorders.
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PMID:EEG sleep, lithium transport, dexamethasone suppression, and monoamine oxidase activity in borderline personality disorder. 321 63

Ninety-one patients with lumbar disc herniation were treated by chemonucleolysis with intradiscal chymopapain injection and evaluated at least 1 year after surgery (average, 18 months). There were 54 good, 10 fair, and 27 poor results after chemonucleolysis. Good versus fair/poor outcome groups differed preoperatively on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Hypochondriasis (Hs), Hysteria (Hy), Psychopathic Deviate (Pd), Paranoia (Pa), Hypomania (Ma), and Social Introversion (Si) scales. Presence of compensation issues at the time of surgery was significantly related to outcome, and the MMPI scales provided additional predictive power. Nineteen patients who did not show improvement with chemonucleolysis subsequently underwent lumbar laminectomy and discectomy, and the ultimate outcome for the entire series including these laminectomy patients was 66 good, 10 fair, and 15 poor results. Good versus fair/poor ultimate outcome patients differed significantly on preoperative MMPI Hypochondriasis, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Paranoia, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia, Hypomania, and Social Introversion scales. After controlling for the effects of compensation issues, MMPI scales added significantly to the ability to predict ultimate surgical outcome. However, the MMPI could not be used with confidence to predict the outcome for a given patient and should serve only to alert the surgeon to the presence of psychological risk factors and the possible need for referral for psychological evaluation and treatment.
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PMID:Does the MMPI predict chemonucleolysis outcome? 338 Nov 44

Two breast cancer groups (mastectomised or chemotherapeutic intervention) and a control group of healthy female nurses were given a demographic questionnaire and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The personality profiles of all three groups emerged as significantly different from each other on all scales with the exception of social introversion and psychopathic deviance. Both cancer groups displayed inflated scores on the clinical scale Depression. A separate series of univariate F tests revealed that the mastectomised patients were characterised by elevated scores on the clinical scales Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Masculinity-Femininity and Schizophrenia compared to normals. The discriminant analysis confirmed that between the clinical groups the mastectomised patients exhibited higher scores (compared to those receiving chemotherapy) along the scales Hypochondriasis, Paranoia, Psychaesthenia, Schizophrenia and Hypomania, the latter 4 scales constituting the psychotic tetrad.
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PMID:Psychological characteristics of breast cancer patients. 350 15

An assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride tablets in the treatment of acute psychotic episodes was undertaken in 63 patients in an open multi-centre study. Most patients prior to entering the study had received other neuroleptic drugs, but with inadequate effect. During the 10-week study, the dosage of zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride tablets could be adjusted to obtain optimum clinical benefit. The majority of patients received 20 to 75 mg daily (range 10 to 150 mg daily) at the start of the study and later, for most of those patients successfully treated, the dosage was 20 to 55 mg daily. Assessments before and during treatment utilized the BPRS and CGI rating scales and a check-list of side-effects. A successful response to treatment was achieved in 70% of 50 patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform psychoses and in 69% of 13 patients with mania or hypomania. Almost half (30) of the patients studied had a successful response within 4 weeks of starting treatment and some after only 1 week of treatment. All patients but 1 had either no side-effects or side-effects not overtly affecting performance.
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PMID:Acute functional psychoses: treatment with zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride ('Clopixol') tablets. 360 19


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