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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By means of clinical and follow up studies 340 patients were examined in the late period of brain trauma. Among this group 90 patients were distinguished who had an increasing endogenization of psychotic conditions and transformation of post-traumatic personality changes with emerging negative disorders, inherent to schizophrenia. In analysing the psychotic attacks attention was drawn to the depressive content of verbal hallucinosis, the rudimentary ideas fof self-accusation in an acute paranoid state, to the elements of the Kandinsky-Clerambault syndrome in delirious states, to the prevalence of low energy level in depressions and to the short psychotic episodes in remissions of the schizoaffective psychosis.
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PMID:[Clinical features and course of schizophrenia developing in patients during remote periods following cranio-cerebral injuries]. 745 21

One hundred and one patients with late paraphrenia were examined using the Present State Examination. The established high prevalence rates of female gender, the unmarried state and sensory impairment were confirmed. All of the symptoms of schizophrenia, with the exception of formal thought disorder, were found in the subjects with approximately the same prevalence as reported in schizophrenics with a symptom onset in younger life. The presence of visual hallucinosis was significantly associated with visual impairment, but the same association was not found between auditory hallucinations and deafness. Mean age at onset of symptoms was high at 74.1 years. Using ICD-10 diagnostic criteria the patients were categorized as schizophrenia (61.4%), delusional disorder (30.7%) and schizoaffective disorder (7.9%). Patients in these diagnostic categories differed in their pre-morbid IQ estimations, current cognitive state measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination and in the number of scored positive psychotic PSE symptoms and their systematization of and preoccupation with delusions and hallucinations. There were no significant differences between the patients in the ICD-10 schizophrenia and delusional disorder groups in terms of age at symptom onset, sex ratio, response to treatment, being unmarried, the presence of insight or sensory impairment. The high degree of clinical similarity between patients with late paraphrenia combined with the inability of ICD-10 to define diagnostic subgroups that correspond to patient clusters derived from clinical symptoms or which are meaningfully different from each other in terms of demographic and prognostic factors provide a strong argument for the retention of late paraphrenia as the most appropriate diagnosis for such patients.
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PMID:Phenomenology, demography and diagnosis in late paraphrenia. 808 35

The interrelationship between alcohol dependence and schizophrenia is very complex. On the one hand, chronic alcoholism alone can result in a chronic, schizophrenia-like psychosis (alcoholic hallucinosis) which cannot be distinguished from schizophrenia on the basis of psychopathological or clinical symptoms. On the other hand, recent clinical and epidemiological studies point at a significantly increased prevalence for substance abuse and dependence in schizophrenia, especially of alcohol. Pathophysiological mechanisms possibly involved in the onset of hallucinations in alcoholics and recent studies on the comorbidity of alcohol dependence and schizophrenia are discussed.
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PMID:Alcohol dependence and schizophrenia: what are the interrelationships? 897 70

We derived a statistical model that discriminates between substance-induced psychosis (i.e., DSM-III-R organic delusional disorder or organic hallucinosis; ODD-OH) and DSM-III-R schizophrenia in patients who have both DSM-III-R psychoactive substance use disorders (PSUD) and prominent delusions or hallucinations. A sample of 211 PSUD inpatients was divided by year of admission into data sets A and B, each of which was divided between those with concurrent schizophrenia and those with concurrent ODD-OH. A six-predictor discriminant function correctly classified 76.2 percent of all set A patients, including 83.1 percent with schizophrenia. Formal thought disorder and bizarre delusions significantly predict a diagnosis of schizophrenia, with odds ratios (OR) of 3.55:1 and 6.09:1, respectively. Suicidal ideation (OR = 0.32:1), intravenous cocaine abuse (0.18:1), and a history of drug detoxification (0.26:1) or methadone maintenance (0.18:1) demonstrate inverse relationships with a schizophrenia diagnosis. The model was validated in set B, correctly predicting the diagnostic status of 70.4 percent of patients (72.5% with schizophrenia). The pattern of presenting symptoms and clinical history differs in patients with psychosis due to PSUD and in those whose psychosis is due to schizophrenia. The model presented here contributes to the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and ODD-OH among patients with PSUD.
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PMID:Differential diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis and schizophrenia in patients with substance use disorders. 916 29

Mental morbidity in the elderly comprises mainly affective disorders (manic depressive psychosis) and psycho-organic syndrome, delirium and dementia. Psychiatric disorder occurs with physical disorder or handicap and co-morbidity is the hall-mark of geriatric medicine. The prevalence rate is around 89/1000 population. The decreasing age at onset of depression over successive generations contributed by the 'unstable genes' is discussed. Factors affecting the 'quality ageing' are highlighted. Depression, mania and suicide behaviour in the elderly are detailed. Particular attention is drawn to 'vascular depression' resulting from cerebrovascular lesions affecting the striato-pallido-thalamo-cortico-pathways. Vascular depression is characterised by a low frequency of family history of mental disorder/suicide and anhedonia and increased functional disability. Subsyndomal depression is a fairly common occurrence. Anxiety disorders in the elderly though uncommon need to be recognised. Late-onset schizophrenia and somatic hallucinosis are referred to.
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PMID:Psychiatric morbidity in the aged. 936 69

Complex visual hallucinations may affect some normal individuals on going to sleep and are also seen in pathological states, often in association with a sleep disturbance. The content of these hallucinations is striking and relatively stereotyped, often involving animals and human figures in bright colours and dramatic settings. Conditions causing these hallucinations include narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome, peduncular hallucinosis, treated idiopathic Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia without treatment, migraine coma, Charles Bonnet syndrome (visual hallucinations of the blind), schizophrenia, hallucinogen-induced states and epilepsy. We describe cases of hallucinosis due to several of these causes and expand on previous hypotheses to suggest three mechanisms underlying complex visual hallucinations. (i) Epileptic hallucinations are probably due to a direct irritative process acting on cortical centres integrating complex visual information. (ii) Visual pathway lesions cause defective visual input and may result in hallucinations from defective visual processing or an abnormal cortical release phenomenon. (iii) Brainstem lesions appear to affect ascending cholinergic and serotonergic pathways, and may also be implicated in Parkinson's disease. These brainstem abnormalities are often associated with disturbances of sleep. We discuss how these lesions, outside the primary visual system, may cause defective modulation of thalamocortical relationships leading to a release phenomenon. We suggest that perturbation of a distributed matrix may explain the production of similar, complex mental phenomena by relatively blunt insults at disparate sites.
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PMID:Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights. 979 40

In a group of 137 patients with schizophrenia combined with delirium tremens we also observed alcoholic hallucinosis (9.5%) and alcoholic paranoid (0.7%). Delirium tremens was more often observed in patients with schizophrenia in the following age groups: under 19 and of 20-29 years. Meanwhile, the frequency of the onset of the delirium tremens in a group of 2417 patients was higher in the age groups of 35-39 and 60 and over. In the main group of schizophrenic patients the rate of the onset of this endogenous disease was higher in the age groups of 35-39, 40-44 and 50-54 years, as compared with a control group of schizophrenic patients (310 cases). The recurrent course of the disease was observed in these patients more often, whereas a continuous course was quite rare, as compared with a control group. Oneiroid states (9.5%) presented in some patients of the main group. Schizophrenic process was more favorable in combination with delirium tremens.
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PMID:[Clinical symptoms of schizophrenia in combination with delirium tremens]. 1124 28

In this second paper the clinical features and electrophysiological underpinnings of more complex psychotic states associated with epilepsy are reviewed. (a) Complex partial status epilepticus, in particular of temporal lobe origin, may result in mental states remarkably similar to those seen in the primary psychoses. This non-convulsive state is associated with prolonged epileptic discharges on intracranial stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) in hippocampal and other mesial temporal structures, sometimes without abnormalities on the scalp EEG. Where hallucinatory or psychotic symptomatology does occurs, it can be considered an examples of an ictal psychosis. The phenomenology and electrophysiological features of this condition are reviewed. (b) Postictal psychosis is noted for its similarity to schizophrenia-like/paranoid and affective psychoses and there is convincing SEEG evidence that, for some cases at least, the psychosis is not in fact postictal but rather an ictal psychosis due to ongoing limbic seizure activity and a form of non-convulsive status epilepticus. It has been suggested that postictal psychosis should be divided into two sub-groups: the classical 'nuclear' postictal type and an atypical periictal type. (c) Interictal hallucinosis in epilepsy has been poorly studied, but is probably commoner than appreciated. To what extent it represents subclinical epileptic discharges (i.e. auras) is not known. It may interestingly also be associated with abnormal affective states in epilepsy. (d) The interictal psychosis of epilepsy is often indistinguishable from primary schizophrenia. It occurs more commonly in temporal lobe (limbic) epilepsy, in those with frequent seizures and only in patients with a long history of epilepsy (usually over 10 years). There is convincing SEEG evidence of frequent, semi-continuous and sometimes continuous epileptic activity in limbic structures at the time of psychotic and hallucinatory ideation and behaviour, suggesting that in some cases at least, the epileptic activity is the cause of the symptoms. Whether the psychosis is directly 'driven' by subclinical electrographic activity or is indirectly a consequence of function change induced by such activity is not clear. An intriguing question also arises as to whether similar electrophysiological changes could underpin psychosis in patients without epilepsy but evidence on this point is sparse. The effects of temporal lobe surgery on the psychoses of epilepsy are described and these might throw light on the mechanisms of epileptic psychosis. The principles of pharmacological therapy of epileptic hallucinosis and psychosis are outlined.
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PMID:Delusions, illusions and hallucinations in epilepsy: 2. Complex phenomena and psychosis. 1944 90

In this review article, in order to explore the mechanisms underlying the hallucinations/delusions of schizophrenia, we discuss the contribution of the following four questions: (i) can an understanding of dreams contribute to our understanding of the genesis of halluciations and/or delusions; (ii) are the mechanisms underlying psychotropic drug-induced psychoses the same as those underlying the hallucinations and/or delusions in schizophrenia; (iii) does disturbed consciousness contribute to the manifestation of psychotic features; and (iv) are the psychoses caused by organic brain disorders any different to the hallucinations and/or delusions seen in schizophrenia? We conclude that there is a strong association between drug-induced hallucinations or hallucinations associated with organic brain disorders and simple hallucinosis or fluctuations in arousal level. Because intermediate configurations and/or cross-staining phenomena exist for hallucinations and delusions, especially in schizophrenic disorders, it is difficult to isolate the hallucinations and to recognize them as being abnormal experiences.
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PMID:Pathogenesis and symptomatology of hallucinations (delusions) of organic brain disorder and schizophrenia. 1960 29

The empirical literature on auditory imagery is reviewed. Data on (a) imagery for auditory features (pitch, timbre, loudness), (b) imagery for complex nonverbal auditory stimuli (musical contour, melody, harmony, tempo, notational audiation, environmental sounds), (c) imagery for verbal stimuli (speech, text, in dreams, interior monologue), (d) auditory imagery's relationship to perception and memory (detection, encoding, recall, mnemonic properties, phonological loop), and (e) individual differences in auditory imagery (in vividness, musical ability and experience, synesthesia, musical hallucinosis, schizophrenia, amusia) are considered. It is concluded that auditory imagery (a) preserves many structural and temporal properties of auditory stimuli, (b) can facilitate auditory discrimination but interfere with auditory detection, (c) involves many of the same brain areas as auditory perception, (d) is often but not necessarily influenced by subvocalization, (e) involves semantically interpreted information and expectancies, (f) involves depictive components and descriptive components, (g) can function as a mnemonic but is distinct from rehearsal, and (h) is related to musical ability and experience (although the mechanisms of that relationship are not clear).
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PMID:Auditory imagery: empirical findings. 2019 65


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