Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The paper is concerned with a study of age variants of depersonalizational disturbances in schizophrenia children of early preschool age and preschool age. Depersonalizational disorders proper were found in 25 cases, disturbance of the self-conscious and its deterioration in 59, retardation in the development of the self-conscious formation--in 32 cases. Depersonalizational disturbances appear in children over 3 years, i.e. following the first physiological age crises. The following types of depersonalizational disturbances were distinquished: 1) moderately expressed loss of the self-conscious with disorders in the differentiation of the "I" from the associates; 2) a deeper disorder of the "I" with a substitution of the personal "I", by another "I"; 3) phenomena of estrangement of the self-conscious with a state similar to the splitting of the self-conscious, up to the appearance of the phenomena of a twin; 4) a change of the self-conscious expressed in a pathological play transformation and a substitution of the "I" by another "I", or a splitting of the self-conscious into the syndrome of play transformation near to a delusional; 5) derealization; 6) loss of the conscious of personal sex; 7) estrangement of the conscious of personal actions; 8) disturbance of self-conscious of a physical whole; 9) disturbance of the self-conscious in a deep depression with a loss of "I-vitality" appearance near to "anaesthesia psychica dolorosa" and "nihilistic delusions"; 10) loss of "I" conscious and regress of speech, motor activity, behaviour; 11) retardation in the formation of "I" conscious.
 ...
PMID:[Depersonalization disorders in schizophrenic children]. 71 28

A family study was carried out in two groups of patients fulfilling RDC for schizoaffective disorder: in one, a full affective and a full schizophrenic syndrome were simultaneously present; in the other, affective and schizophrenic features appeared within a polymorphic and rapidly changing clinical picture, with depersonalization/derealization and/or confusion. In the first-degree relatives of patients of the former group, the risk of major psychiatric disorders was not significantly different from that of relatives of schizophrenics, whereas in the first-degree relatives of patients of the latter group a low risk for both schizophrenia and major affective disorders, and a relatively high risk for schizoaffective disorders, were observed.
 ...
PMID:A family study of two subgroups of schizoaffective patients. 259 57

For 10-15 years the authors studied the time-course of neurosis-like disturbances in 46 patients with schizophrenia manifested in adolescence with cenesthopathic symptomatology (23 patients presented the cenesthopathic-hypochondriac syndrome, in 17 cenesthopathia was attended by phobias, in 6 it was combined with manifestations of derealization and depersonalization). The study showed that in 87% of the observations the disease ran continuously (torpidly in 29, by the type of the simple form in 5 and by the type of the paranoid form in 6 patients), in 13% of the patients the disease ran a paroxysm-progressive course. In 10-15 years the clinical picture in half of the patients continued to be characterized by the leading cenestho-hypochondriac symptomatology, in one-fourth of patients cenestho-hypochondriac disturbances were transformed into hallucinational-paranoid, in another one-fourth of patients into either psychosis-like or apathoabulic (by the type of the simple form) symptomatology. The authors discuss the degree of progression of the disease in different variants of its course, the social and marital status of patients, the specificity of personality changes and peculiarities of disease relapses.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical dynamics of cenesto-hypochondriacal neurosis-like disorders in schizophrenia with onset in adolescence (clinico-catamnestic study)]. 407 18

Because a valid psychiatric history is difficult to obtain from an acute psychotic patient, particularly upon first admission, information given by important others is necessary for diagnostic classification, but the validity of this data must be examined. Within the ABC Schizophrenia Study, the onset and early course of schizophrenia was assessed from 171 post-psychotic first admissions and their close relatives. High agreement was found for substance abuse, self-destructive behaviour, paranoid delusion and social role deficits. Agreement was low for unspecific symptoms like depression, anxiety, problems with concentration or sleep. Due to a lack of sensitivity of the relatives' reports, agreement was also low for formal thought and perceptual disorders and derealization. A second study with 30 patients with schizophrenia and with 2 or more relatives for each case (n = 69) demonstrated that the quality of relatives' reports depends primarily on the relative's image of the patient (e.g., perceived dominance) and on the relative's attributions about the cause of the disease. Close and long contact tends to impair the quality of reports. Again, the observation of different symptoms is influenced differently by these factors.
 ...
PMID:[Reliability of family reports of illness anamnesis of schizophrenic patients]. 923 7

Religious experience is brain-based, like all human experience. Clues to the neural substrates of religious-numinous experience may be gleaned from temporolimbic epilepsy, near-death experiences, and hallucinogen ingestion. These brain disorders and conditions may produce depersonalization, derealization, ecstasy, a sense of timelessness and spacelessness, and other experiences that foster religious-numinous interpretation. Religious delusions are an important subtype of delusional experience in schizophrenia, and mood-congruent religious delusions are a feature of mania and depression. The authors suggest a limbic marker hypothesis for religious-mystical experience. The temporolimbic system tags certain encounters with external or internal stimuli as depersonalized, derealized, crucially important, harmonious, and/or joyous, prompting comprehension of these experiences within a religious framework.
 ...
PMID:The neural substrates of religious experience. 981 98

The human self model comprises essential features such as the experiences of ownership, of body-centered spatial perspectivity, and of a long-term unity of beliefs and attitudes. In the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it is suggested that clinical subsyndromes like cognitive disorganization and derealization syndromes reflect disorders of this self model. These features are neurobiologically instantiated as an episodically active complex neural activation pattern and can be mapped to the brain, given adequate operationalizations of self model features. In its unique capability of integrating external and internal data, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) appears to be an essential component of the neuronal implementation of the self model. With close connections to other unimodal association cortices and to the limbic system, the PFC provides an internally represented world model and internal milieu data of the organism, both serving world orientation. In the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it is the dysfunction of the PFC that is suggested to be the neural correlate for the different clinical schizophrenic subsyndromes. The pathophysiological study of psychiatric disorders may contribute to the theoretical debate on the neuronal basis of the self model.
 ...
PMID:Essential functions of the human self model are implemented in the prefrontal cortex. 1099 69

A case who schizophrenia developed patient male of a 65-year-old is reported depersonalization-derealization syndrome following treatment with quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic. The literature is reviewed for possible biological mechanisms that may account for this phenomenon.
 ...
PMID:A case of depersonalization-derealization syndrome during treatment with quetiapine. 1156 31

The concept of schizotypal personality disorder has been heavily discussed since its introduction into the official classification of mental disorders in DSM-III. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference between schizotypal personality disorder within and outside the genetic spectrum of schizophrenia. Schizotypals with and without schizophrenic cotwins and first-degree relatives were compared, with individuals with other mental disorders and no mental disorders as controls. It appeared that only inadequate rapport and odd communication were more pronounced among schizotypals within, compared to schizotypals outside the schizophrenic spectrum. Schizotypals outside the schizophrenic spectrum, however, scored higher than schizotypals inside the schizophrenic spectrum on ideas of reference, suspiciousness, paranoia, social anxiety, self-damaging acts, chronic anger, free-floating anxiety and sensitivity to rejection. Interestingly, the four last features are seldom observed among schizotypals inside the schizophrenic spectrum. Monozygotic non-schizophrenic cotwins of schizophrenics score high on inadequate rapport, odd communication, social isolation and delusions/hallucinations. Monozygotic non-schizophrenic cotwins of schizotypals outside the schizophrenic genetic spectrum score high on illusions, depersonalization, derealization and magical thinking. Negative schizotypal features appear to be inside the schizophrenic spectrum, while positive borderline-like features are outside having another genetic endowment.
 ...
PMID:Schizotypal personality disorder inside and outside the schizophrenic spectrum. 1185 76

Although dissociative phenomena are often transient features of mental states, existing measures of dissociation are designed to measure enduring traits. A new present-state self-report measure, sensitive to changes in dissociative states, was therefore developed and psychometrically validated. Fifty-six items were formulated to measure state features, and sorted according to seven subscales: derealization, depersonalization, identity confusion, identity alteration, conversion, amnesia and hypermnesia. The State Scale of Dissociation (SSD) was administered with other psychiatric scales (DES, BDI, BAI, SCI-PANSS) to 130 participants with DSM-IV major depressive disorder schizophrenia, alcohol withdrawal, dissociative disorders and controls. In these sample populations, the SSD was demonstrated as a valid and reliable measure of changes in and the severity of dissociative states. Discriminant validity, content, concurrent, predictive, internal criterion-related, internal construct and convergent validities, and internal consistency and split-half reliability were confirmed statistically. Clinical observations of dissociative states, and their comorbidity with symptoms of depression and psychotic illness, were confirmed empirically. The SSD, an acceptable, valid and reliable scale measuring state features of dissociation at the time of completion, was obtained. This is a prerequisite for further investigation of correlations between changes in dissociative states and concurrent physiological parameters.
 ...
PMID:Psychometric validation of the State Scale of Dissociation (SSD). 1200 98

Despite the fact that most researchers acknowledge the high prevalence of comorbid substance abuse among schizophrenic patients, there is no common agreement regarding the etiology of this serious public health problem. At the center of this debate though, Khantzian's self-medication hypothesis has captured most of the attention. In the present literature review, the authors evaluate this hypothesis in the light of our current knowledge. Formulated in a clinical context, in reaction to the psychoanalytic interpretation of addiction as a pleasure seeking pathology, Khantzian's hypothesis holds that schizophrenic patients use psychoactive substances to relieve their symptoms. Properly understood, this conjecture presupposes that, with the relief of certain target symptoms, substance use would no more be a necessity. But in reality, the use of psychoactive substances usually leads to a general deterioration of the patients' condition. Pharmacodependent schizophrenic patients relapse more often, they are more frequently hospitalized, they show more violent behaviors, and they are more frequently homeless. In particular, the positive symptoms of these patients are generally exacerbated by the psychoactive drugs--with the possible exception of opiates. This observation is in lign with the fact that psychostimulants (cocaine, amphetamines), anesthesic dissociatives (PCP, ketamine) as well as hallucinogens (cannabis, LSD) are all known to exert psychotomimetic effects. As for negative symptoms, the reality is more complex. Preliminary results certainly suggest that stimulants (minor or major) relieve these symptoms, but in the case of the other psychoactive substances, empirical evidence remains fragmentary. Still, the properties of psychoactive substances invite to pay close attention, among the negative symptoms, to the cognitive deficits, the social inaptitudes and the hedonic deficits of these patients. Unsatisfied with the self-medication hypothesis, an increasing number of researchers hypothesize that schizophrenic patients abuse drugs in hope to relieve the negative affects (stress, depression) that commonly accompany their symptomatology. Interestingly, increasing data link these negative manifestations and substance abuse among schizophrenic patients. But these same data do not elucidate whether these manifestations are primary or secondary to drug abuse. For the moment, these findings must be replicated. Furthermore, it remains to be clarified what negative affect is involved here. Is it stress, anxiety or, as commonly thought, depression? Other paths aim in the direction of personality traits and dissociation. The first path is suggested by recent studies demonstrating that pharmacodependent schizophrenic patients differ from non-abusing schizophrenics in that their personality is characterized by traits such as sensation seeking and impulsivity. As for the second path, it is suggested by a recurrent observation in addictive medicine practice, that is: alcohol, cannabis, ketamine, LSD, opiates, PCP, all these substances can induce dissociative states (depersonalization, derealization, etc.). Surprisingly, most of the hypotheses advanced so far have been formulated without reference to neuroscience. However, from a biological perspective, substance abuse among schizophrenic patients appears paradoxical: while the positive symptoms of schizophrenia might involve an hyperactivity of the reward system, the drugs of abuse all seem to increase dopamine release in that same system. That very paradox further casts some doubt on the self-medication hypothesis. And it opens an alternative: schizophrenic patients might be biologically vulnerable to the rewarding effects of drugs abuse. On the therapeutic level finally, the authors argue that polypharmacy medications such as clozapine and quetiapine, known to act on the reward system preferentially to the extrapyramidal system and known to dissociate fastly from the dopamine-D2 receptor, could simplify clinical intervention.
 ...
PMID:[Schizophrenia and addiction: An evaluation of the self-medication hypothesis]. 1287 43


1 2 3 Next >>